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Transcripts from Soviet ArchivesVOLUME X -1930
Download PDFAnti‐Soviet Speeches
A collection of operational reports of the OGPU SOU for individual regions of the Soviet Union. March 15, 1930
At the earliest March 15, 1930
CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 58 performances, of which 7 performances on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 205 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 204.
1929 year
October
26 performances
with 18050 participants
November
19
from 4470
December
thirteen
from 3120
58 ‐ ʺ‐
from 25640
1930 year
January
60 performances
with 30 170
participants
February
82
from 35350
14 days of March (data not complete)
63
from 17510
[Total:]
205 ‐ ʺ‐
with 83,030
participants
Affected areas. Figures for February and March do not reflect the full size of mass demonstrations in the region (in a significant number of cases, the demonstrations were repeated and covered a number of settlements).
The most affected continue to be the Kozlovsky and Kursk districts, where demonstrations covered a number of districts.
In March, an unfavorable situation was also recorded in the Yelets Okr. (as of March 12, in the Krasnozotensky district, out of 17 village councils, 12 were covered by speeches).
The analysis of socialized livestock and seeds by the speakers is observed as a mass phenomenon. Some speeches are accompanied by beating of activists. In a number of cases, there was armed resistance in the elimination of the actions. In one of the villages of the Kursk env. up to 50 shots were fired on the task force that arrived to remove the initiators of the performance (Petrovskoe village)
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
248
1930 g.
January
67
November
221
February
32
December
57
14 days of March
ten
[Total:]
526
109
Types of terrorist attacks
For 3
months. 1929
g.
murders
37
For months. 14 days 1930
2
murders
nine
injuries
34
injuries
ten
beatings
72
beatings
eighteen
assassination attempts
74
assassination attempts
thirteen
possessing, hurting.
309
possessing, hurting.
59
[Total:]
526
[Total:]
109
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
January ‐ 12 leaflets, 5 anonymous letters. February ‐ 7 leaflets, 6 anonymous letters (1930)
Counterrevolutionary organizations and groups
The activity of the previously existing kulak groups and the emergence of new insurgent organizations and groups of former Antonovites,
whites, clergymen and kulaks are recorded.
The activities of counterrevolutionary organizations and groupings basically boil down to an active struggle against ongoing measures in the countryside, and especially against collectivization. As a method of struggle, the organization of mass demonstrations and terror are used.
At the same time, there is a clear tendency to turn mass demonstrations into armed uprisings. A number of organizations and groups have a distinctly rebel appearance.
The following organizations and groupings are most typical:
1. Counter‐revolutionary organization in the village. Platovo, Repyevsky district, Ostrogozhsky env. (numbering 46 people, of which 20 kulaks, 7 well‐to‐do, 11 middle peasants, 3 merchants, 4 priests and 1 policeman), set the task of overthrowing the Soviet regime, put up massive resistance to the ongoing measures of the Soviet government in the countryside, organizing a mass demonstration that lasted 5 days.
During a speech on behalf of its participants, the organization put forward the following demands: 1) to replace the Soviet government with local self‐government; 2) release the arrested kulaks; 3) stop dispossession and collectivization; 4) provide benefits to the clergy.
The performance was organized as a result of the kulaksʹ provocative use of excesses in collectivization.
2. The insurrectionary organization ʺCentral Russian Organization for the Liberation of the Offended Peopleʺ, which set the task: an armed uprising, conducting terror, distributing counter‐revolutionary leaflets and expropriation in order to create a rebel fund. The designated area of operation is the Kursk and Lgovskiy districts of the Central Black Earth Region, the Kharkovskiy, Berdichevskiy, Zinovievskiy and Belotserkovskiy districts of the Ukrainian SSR.
The organizational structure is a system of fives.
An illegal meeting was held, at which a ʺbureau of fivesʺ was created. The head of the organization, having traveled around a number of districts of the district, recruited individuals, and even in the Zinovievsky district. the ʺfiveʺ was created (8 people were arrested).
3. Kulak group in the village. Volkovo, Mikhailovsky District, Lgovsky District, which numbered 8 people, planned the creation of armed groups with the aim of overthrowing Soviet power and carrying out terrorist attacks on local party and Soviet workers. The group committed 5 terrorist attacks.
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations ‐ 11 arrested for them: 161
Counter‐revolutionary groups ‐ 340
arrested for them: 2662
Counter‐revolutionary individuals arrested ‐ 2808
Total arrested ‐ 5631 people Of them: kulaks ‐ 4307 prosperous people ‐ 67 middle peasants ‐ 117 poor and farm laborers ‐ 11 merchants ‐ 300 employees ‐ 18 clergy ‐ 385 former landowners ‐ 93 former white officers ‐ 64 former police officers ‐ 96 others ‐ 173
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign: filling the seed pool as a percentage of the plan:
On collective farms 128.5
In zemsocialties 100.4
Contracting 61.4
Seed cleaning 88.6
Exchange of rows, seed grain for varietal 45.1
Seed treatment 0.4
Repair of tractors 51.9
Collectivization: percentage of farm collectivization 81.8;
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 77.3
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 69.4
The average number of farms per collective farm is 296.6; arable land 2004.4 ha
Number of socialized arable land in the region 11,823.9 thousand hectares
Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
Over the past 2‐2 1 / 2 months in the districts TcChO registered and 350 village councils covered by gross excesses and distortions in the process of collectivization and dispossession.
The most widespread kinks and curvatures took place in the Rossosh, Ostrogozhsky and Usman districts. In some villages of these districts, the percentage of those subjected to dispossession reached 20 and more.
Along with summing up the middle peasants, the poor, the families of the Red Army and civil servants under the category of dispossessed people in almost all districts, the dispossession and searches were accompanied by rudeness, beatings and mockery of the dispossessed people.
There have been registered cases of children being arrested as hostages for fleeing fathers. In the Annensky district of the Usman district, brigadiers carried out mass arrests of middle peasants and poor peasants who did not join collective farms.
In a number of regions, the poor arbitrarily dispossessed kulaks, taking their property for personal use. Kulak property was also appropriated in a number of districts by brigadiers and local workers.
Kinks and distortions in a number of places in Ostrogozhsky, Borisoglebsky and other districts led to the participation of the middle peasants in mass anti‐Soviet demonstrations and mass exits from collective farms.
UKRAINE
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 22 speeches, of which 2 speeches were motivated by collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element.
For 2 months 1930 ‐ 127 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 101.
1929 year
October
3 performances
with 150 participants
November
6 ‐ ʺ‐
from 1000 ‐ ʺ‐
December
thirteen ‐ʺ‐
from 2000 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total:]
22 ‐ ʺ‐
from 3150 ‐ ʺ‐
1930 year
January
45 performances
with 12605 members
February
82 ‐ ʺ‐
from 22040
Affected areas and counties. At the end of February and March, performances covered 20 districts in the AMSSR. The speeches have become so wide that it is not possible to register. As of March 5, the performances covered 184 settlements.
The most serious performances took place in Shepetovsky, Berdichevsky, Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Sumy, Izyum and
Proskurovsky districts. In Shepetivsky and Berdichevsky districts, the performances covered most of the districts. Recently, a particularly serious situation has arisen in the Tulchinsky environs, where by March 12, unrest had engulfed almost all areas.
Mass demonstrations are accompanied by significant losses. So, in the process of performances in Ukraine, starting from March 1, 784 people suffered: from the village activists, Soviet workers and the KGB‐Red Army personnel ‐ 555 people (462 beaten, 48 wounded and 45 killed) and from the side of the participants in the performances ‐ 229 people (103 people were beaten, 75 were wounded and 51 killed).
In the Shepetovsky env. (border areas) attracted the attention of the attempts of the speakers to cross the Polish border.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
313
1930 g.
January
155
November
200
February
189
December
81
14 days of March (data incomplete)
nine
[Total:]
594
[Total:]
353
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
49
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
26
injuries
41
injuries
33
beatings
69
beatings
77
assassination attempts
100
assassination attempts
83
possessing, hurting.
335
possessing, hurting.
134
[Total:]
594
[Total:]
353
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
January ‐ 77 leaflets, February ‐ 108 leaflets.
Organized counter‐revolution. The growth of organized counterrevolution is mainly going along the line of forming kulak groups with the aim of actively opposing economic and political campaigns carried out in the countryside (collectivization, dispossession of kulaks, grain procurement, etc.).
However, materials on the activities of counterrevolutionary elements show an undoubted growth of counterrevolutionary organizations and rebel groups, taking shape under the leadership of members of the Petliura armies, re‐emigrants, political bandits and activists of the kulaks with a counterrevolutionary past. A number of organizations and groupings are raising questions about an armed uprising as of the near future (spring 1930), developing tactical plans and setting a timetable for a march, groping for ways to establish communications in the Red Army and discussing specific ways of communicating with Zakordon. At the same time, a number of organizations and groups arose according to the directives of the Ukrainian counterrevolutionary centers of the Zakordon and maintained close ties with Zakordon (especially with Poland),
The following points are characteristic of the practical activities of counterrevolutionary organizations and groups of recent times: 1) the organization of the peasants and their preparation for protests; 2) systematic propaganda work and distribution of counter‐revolutionary literature; 3) active opposition to the activities carried out in the countryside; 4) organization and management of mass demonstrations; 5) self‐armament, organized terror and sabotage; 6) the search for funds through armed robberies and raids.
It should be noted that a significant role in strengthening counterrevolutionary activities in the countryside is played by church activists and clergy, who have launched active provocative activities in connection with the latest measures.
In the region of the right‐bank Ukraine, as a result of its great defeat in the past by an insurgency associated with Zakordon, counterrevolutionary cadres are most clearly formed. The main thing is the creation of deeply conspiratorial sabotage and insurgent organizations, led from behind the cordon. The widespread use by Poland through priests of the increased activity of the Polish gentry and kulaks in order to create counter‐revolutionary organizations, which will have to serve as a base for the Poles in case of war, is recorded.
The kulak insurrectionary organization in the Pavlograd and Petropavlovsk districts of the Dnepropetrovsk district, consisting of kulaks who fled from the Kharkov and Poltava districts, set itself the task of preparing an armed uprising, specifically working out the issues and plans of the uprising at illegal meetings, and carried out intensive recruitment from farms. In a number of villages counter‐revolutionary insurgent cells were organized. To manage the work of all cells, a leading four was allocated. Weapons were obtained. A robbery of an agricultural partnership was planned. The question was raised about the connection with Poland and about the formation of a detachment for the expropriation (57 participants were arrested).
Counter‐revolutionary Petliura organization in the Gornostaevsky district of the Kherson okr. 15 people were seized from kulaks. The purpose of the organization is an armed uprising and the overthrow of Soviet power. The activities of the organization: a) organization of illegal meetings; b) recruiting new members; c) travels around the Melitopol district and the Crimea to establish contact with local counter‐revolutionary organizations; d) systematic counterrevolutionary agitation, the spread of provocative rumors, etc.
Kulak counter‐revolutionary insurgent organization in the Izyum okr. 49 people were arrested. The organization was preparing for the uprising. Insurgent cells were formed in a number of villages. The organizationʹs “platform” contains: 1) “freedom to all social strata”, 2) “private property, economic initiative, freedom of trade”.
A counter‐revolutionary insurgent organization in the Kiev district, headed by a former landowner, the leader of the 10th Insurgent Committee, who arrived illegally from Poland in 1923. Hiding until the moment of his arrest, he worked to create an insurgent organization, relying on the surviving cadres of the 10th Insurgent Committee. With a view to establishing contact with the Polish General Staff, he made a detailed survey of the Kiev fortified region (the plan and drawings were withdrawn during the arrest). The task of the organization was to help the Poles with the beginning of the intervention by disrupting the rear and destroying transport, for which a sabotage group was created (all participants were arrested ‐ 69 people).
A counter‐revolutionary kulak‐Petlyura organization in the same district, in the village of. Karpotsakh of the Chudnovsky district, headed by the priest. The organization consisted of former civilian punishers, members of the ʺWPAʺ, and large kulaks and fought against grain procurements, sowing campaigns and collectivization. At numerous conspiratorial meetings, decisions were made to actively oppose collectivization. The leaders of the organization tried to actively speak out and resist the commission for collecting seeds for the sowing company, for which they prepared about 50 kulaks armed with pitchforks, shovels, knives, etc. At the same time, malicious counterrevolutionary agitation was carried on; provocative rumors were spread, the poor were beaten. 34 people were arrested.
Operational activities
Withdrawal of counter‐revolutionary kulak‐white guard and bandit elements
In the region until March 13, liquidated: Counterrevolutionary organizations ‐ 32 arrested for them ‐ 952
Counter‐revolutionary groups ‐ 394 arrested for them ‐ 2619
Counterrevolutionary lone individuals arrested ‐ 14792
Total arrested ‐ 18300 *
* Error in calculations; should be 18363.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan on collective farms 159.9 in zemsovtsii 101.7 Contracting 80.0 Seed cleaning 104.8
Seed treatment 5.9
Repair of tractors 84.2
Collectivization:
Percentage of collective farms 58.5
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 56.3
Percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that joined collective farms 76.8
Average number of farms per collective farm 123.1 arable land 786 ha
Number of socialized arable land on the edge 19493.0 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
The main type of admitted excesses in Ukraine is bringing significant middle peasant groups under dispossession (Melitopolsky, Shevchenkovsky, Kharkovsky, Zinovievsky, Kherson, Shepetovsky, Berdichevsky, Umansky, Odessa, Nikolaevsky and other districts). Of the samples we have taken for the last 2 months in 33 districts, the assumptions of the grossest excesses and distortions in 278 village councils have been taken into account. In a number of regions, the number of dispossessed people significantly exceeded experts. Individual members of the KNS (AMSSR) were brought under dispossession. In the Krivoy Rog env. in some areas the workers were subjected to ʺdispossessionʺ. In a number of districts of Poltava and other districts dispossession was carried out not in areas of complete collectivization. In a number of districts, the practice of dividing kulak property between individual poor peasants was practiced. The grossest distortions and kinks expressed in mockery of the dispossessed, bordering on reprisals; beating the middle peasants. Abuse of old people and women was allowed in a number of districts of Zinovievsky (Novo‐Ukrainian district), Kherson, Poltava and Uman districts.
On the other hand, there have been numerous cases of harboring kulak property by village councils and direct opposition from some workers of the lower soviet to dispossession measures. Cases of appropriation by local workers of confiscated kulak property were noted in Nikolaev, Melitopol, Krivoy Rog and other districts.
CCM
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 36 performances; of them on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 1 speech.
For 2 months 14 days in 1930 ‐ 102 demonstrations, of which 94 were motivated by collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession.
1929 year
October
15 performances
with 2770
participants
November
fifteen
from 1370
December
6
from 2655
[Total:]
36
from 6795
1930 year
January
36 performances
with 15,410 participants
February
56
from 11310
14 days of
incomplete)
March
(data
ten
from 4900 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total:]
102
from 31620 ‐ ʺ‐
Affected counties
The most unfavorable is the Donskoy okr., Where in January‐March there were 40 performances that covered a number of areas (Taganrog, M. Kurgan). A number of performances are recorded in the Kuban district, mainly due to excesses in collectivization. Performances in the Kuban env. attract attention both in terms of mass and character; in stc. The Mingrelian crowd of 5,000 people smashed public stables and barns, drove the poor people out of the dispossessed houses; in with. Merchenka speakers smashed the police premises and the collective farm office, dismantled the public cattle, in one speech several activists were beaten; in stc. Ivonovskaya crowd of 1000 people dispersed the horses of the collective farm, entering into a shootout with the collective farmers, as a result, two were killed.
The insurgent uprising that engulfed the villages of N. Manychskoe, N. Egorlykskoe, Barannikovskoe V., Nikolaevsky District, Salsky Okr. (in the villages, re‐election of councils was held; a specially created kulak committee in N. Yegorlyk announced the mobilization of 1900‐1905, local workers and activists were taken hostages; the rebels who arrived in N. Manych operational group were met with shots; two employees were killed, two were seriously wounded and the head of the task force was slightly wounded).
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
33
1930 g.
January
38
November
21
February
48
December
12
14 days of March (data incomplete)
ten
[Total:]
66
[Total:]
96
Types of terrorist attacks
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
7
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
fifteen
injuries
8
injuries
thirteen
beatings
21
beatings
20
assassination attempts
8
assassination attempts
25
possessing, hurting.
22
possessing, hurting.
23
[Total:]
66
[Total:]
96
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 January ‐ 34 leaflets, 11 anonymous letters. Total ‐ 45.
February ‐ 22 leaflets, 13 anonymous letters. In total ‐ 35.
Manifestations of organized counter‐revolution
The growth of anti‐Soviet manifestations in the JCC (mass protest, terror) is accompanied by a significant increase in the organized counter‐revolution of kulak‐White Guard organizations and groups that are clearly rebel in nature. Having experienced and full‐blown White Guards in the leadership, many of whom live illegally, the overwhelming majority of organizations and counter‐revolutionary groups set as their immediate task the preparation of an armed uprising. The dates of the uprising are scheduled for the spring of 1930 or on a signal from abroad. Organizations and groupings are actively working on the organization of village and village cells.
At the same time, the stake is placed on the ʺstaunchʺ kulak‐White Guard element, connected by its past counterrevolutionary activities, by service in the old and white armies, by emigration, etc. At the same time, the organizations raised questions about counterrevolutionary work in the Red Army and the creation of cells among changeers; attempts are being made to create a kind of residency in the cadre units of the Red Army; the seizure of weapons depots, the disarmament of garrisons, etc. are planned.
The principles of organizational design are quite clear: ʺtroikasʺ, ʺfivesʺ, separate, not connected with each other, counter‐revolutionary cells.
Using provocatively the moments of dissatisfaction of the broad strata of the population on the basis of excesses on the part of the workers of the Soviet apparatus, individual organizations and groupings are growing quite rapidly geographically and are raising the question of an immediate uprising and overthrow of Soviet power.
Under the leadership of counterrevolutionary rebel organizations and groups, some mass demonstrations in the JCC were particularly active and organized (Salsky okr.). There were attempts to turn them into an armed uprising and extend to other areas (Salsky, Donskoy and other districts).
Attempts are being made to communicate with existing gangs, which are viewed as ready‐made armed units for the deployment of an uprising.
Along with the insurgent and counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups in the region, a significant number of kulak‐White Guard groups that were actively fighting against the measures of Soviet power in the countryside, especially collectivization, were liquidated.
Below are the most typical counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups:
1. The counter‐revolutionary insurgent organization ʺSelf‐defense of the Cossacksʺ, organizationally sweeping the villages of Petropavlovskaya, Temirgoevskaya, St. Mikhailovskaya and Dmitrievskaya with adjoining farms in the Armavir environs, stts. Ilskaya Kuban okr., Stts. Andrukovskaya Maykop env. and one of the auls of Adygea. The principle of building the organization ‐ carefully conspiratorial ʺtroikasʺ of insurgents, who were working to create stanitsa insurgent cells, supplied them with counterrevolutionary leaflets.
In preparing for the uprising, the organization focused on aid from abroad; The organization was led by an illegal re‐emigrant Malakhov (47 people were arrested.)
2. Counterrevolutionary Cossack insurgent organization in the LyonoKalitvinsky region of the Donetsk region, which called itself the ʺAtamancy of the Don Host.ʺ
The main slogans of the organization were: a) the liberation of the
Cossacks and b) the restoration of the atamanism of the Don Host. A number of underground meetings were held, at which the ataman and his assistant were elected and military ʺfivesʺ and objects of terror were formed from among the workers of the Soviet apparatus.
It was decided to carry out intensified activities to recruit members into the organization and raise funds for the purchase of weapons. The composition of the organization: fellow soldiers in the old army, participants in counterrevolutionary uprisings and the civil war on the side of the whites (18 people were arrested, of which 16 were repatriates).
3. A counterrevolutionary rebel organization in the Armavir environs, which expanded its activities to 4 settlements with the center [in] stts. Belo‐Mechetinskaya. The construction principle is “quarterly groups” headed by “elders”. In preparation for the uprising, the organization planned it for the spring of 1930 (39 people were withdrawn, of which 27 kulaks, 10 active White Guards, 1 bandit and 1 former white officer.)
4. In the course of the investigation into the case of a mass demonstration that engulfed the villages of N. Manychskoe, N. Egorlykskoe, Barannikovskoe in the Salsky okrug. Belokonem. The center of the organization was located in the village. N. Manychskoe.
At its illegal meeting on February 10, the organization decided on February 13 to raise an uprising, involving women in the first place (ʺthe authorities will not immediately take harsh measures against women and we will gain timeʺ), and then the middle peasants and the poor.
The activists of the organization in the midst of the speech, after the arrest of the communist and agricultural brigades by the speakers, formed a ʺgovernment 20ʺ, which worked out a declaration and sent a delegation to the village. Barannikovskoe. The latter informed about the activities of the organization of kulaks with. Barannikovskoe, where a ʺcommission of 20ʺ was also created, which developed a number of conditions and requirements.
In the neighboring village. N. Yegorlyksky on the initiative of N. Manych organization, in turn, elected a ʺcommission of 15 to develop new laws.ʺ The head of this “commission” tried to involve neighboring villages in the speeches (in the case, 69 organizers and leaders were arrested, 197 active participants, 67 weapons and 400 cartridges were seized).
Operational activities
On the edge on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations ‐ 12 arrested for them ‐ 294 Counter‐revolutionary groups ‐ 380
arrested for them ‐ 2960 Arrested counterrevolutionary singles ‐ 4915 Arrested in total ‐ 8169
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan on collective farms 78.2
in zemsocialties 55.8 Contracting 68.6
Seed cleaning 77.8
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 37.9
Seed treatment 5.1
Repair of tractors 88.1
Collectivization:
The percentage of collectivization of farms 76.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 71.1
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that joined collective farms 92.0
Average number of farms per collective farm 262.0 arable land 2775.3 ha
The number of socialized arable land on the edge 11,933.9 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
The admission of gross excesses and distortions in the process of collectivization, dispossession and collection of deposits for a tractor was noted in 96 village and station councils. Bends and distortions were most widespread in the Stavropol, Kuban, Tersk, Donetsk and Shakhtinsko‐Donetsk districts.
In the Stavropol env. bringing the middle peasants to dispossession took on a mass character. The confiscated property in front of the population was taken away by local Soviet workers and party members. There were also cases of mass opposition of the population to the confiscation of property from the middle peasants. In Tersk and other districts, former commanders of partisan detachments and red partisans were subjected to dispossession. In the Donetsk env. The middle peasants who did not join the collective farm were subjected to a commodity boycott. In a number of districts, cases of arrests of middle peasants and poor peasants for not joining a collective farm and failing to pay a deposit on a tractor have been registered.
SVK, Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 14 speeches, of which on the basis of collectivization and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 7 speeches.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 139 speeches, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 99.
1929 year
October
18 performances
with participants
3760
November
17 ‐ ʺ‐
from 2785
December
nine ‐ʺ‐
from 1050
[Total]
44 ‐ ʺ‐
from 7595
1930 year
January
37 performances
with participants
6480
February
53 ‐ ʺ‐
from 12580
14 days of March (data incomplete)
49 ‐ ʺ‐
from 10300
[Total]
139 ‐ ʺ‐
from 29360 ‐ ʺ‐
Affected areas. A particularly tense situation is observed in the Mordovian region, where only in 10 days of March 19 mass demonstrations were registered (in total, in January‐March, 48 mass demonstrations were recorded in the region). Some recent speeches have been accompanied by beatings of village workers and activists (6 facts in March).
Penza environs should also be noted as unfavorable. (21 performances in January‐March).
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
126
1930 g.
January
47
November
60
February
37
December
33
14 days of March (data incomplete)
4
[Total:]
219
88
Types of terrorist attacks
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
eleven
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
7
injuries
thirteen
injuries
fourteen
beatings
44
beatings
eleven
assassination attempts
37
assassination attempts
fifteen
possessing, hurting.
114
possessing, hurting.
41
[Total:]
219
[Total:]
88
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 2 leaflets, 10 anonymous letters. February ‐ 7 leaflets, 8 anonymous letters.
Counterrevolutionary organizations and groups
Organized counterrevolution
The growth of counter‐revolutionary activity in the region is accompanied by an intensification of insurrectionary tendencies and an intensification of the old White Guard bandit cadres, socialist elements and churchmen. At the same time, attention is drawn to the activities of the organized counter‐revolution. Thus, 23 groups (with 347 participants) were identified and liquidated, organizing and leading 51 mass demonstrations. 36 terrorist groups (with 444 members) that committed 97 terrorist attacks were liquidated.
Typical for the activities of the organized counter‐revolution in the UCWU is the work to disrupt the measures carried out in the countryside and, mainly, collective farm development (251 kulak anticollective farm groupings were liquidated).
The most typical of the liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups:
1) A fully formed kulak‐Socialist‐Revolutionary organization in the Buguruslan district, which called itself the ʺAll‐Russian Central
Peopleʹs Socialist Partyʺ. The organization covered Sergievsky and K. Cherkassky districts and numbered 122 people. led by a governing core. Illegal meetings of the activists were regularly held, at which issues of the program, tactics and methods of work in the countryside were discussed. An armed overthrow of the Soviet power was being prepared, while points of uprising and the acquisition of weapons were outlined. On behalf of the Bureau of the Liberation Party, leaflets were distributed calling on the peasants to revolt. The organizationʹs program was also disseminated among the population.
2) The kulak‐ecclesiastical and counterrevolutionary organization in the Orenburg district, covering a network of cells up to 35 settlements of the Sorochinsky and Pokrovsky districts with the center in the Buguruslansky district of the Samara okr. The organization was headed by a headquarters led by the hieromonk of the Buzuluk monastery Varsanofiy. His assistants were a monk of the same monastery, hieromonk of the Intercession Monastery. At its disposal, the headquarters had a special staff of instructors in the amount of 5 people who supervised certain areas, covering several cells. Itinerant nuns served as live communication between instructors and leaders of the organization.
The organization set its task: to work to weaken the economic might of the USSR in the event of foreign intervention by actively fighting against measures taken in the countryside and especially collectivization. In recruiting new members, the organization relied primarily on women. Illegal congresses were periodically held, at which plans of action were worked out and outlined. The organization has pasted up to 70 appeals.
As a result of the activities of the organization, 12 collective farms fell apart and 17 meetings were disrupted in only one of the villages.
3) A Kulak‐White Guard counter‐revolutionary organization in the Orenburg okrug, consisting mainly of former whites and bandits ‐ only 171 people ‐ and headed by a former white officer, a member of the field court. The organization numbered its cells in the village of Buranny, N.Yeletsky, Izobilny, Mertvetsky, Sirotovsky and aul No. 34 of Kyrgyzstan with a center with stts. Vetlyanskaya. The organizers of the cells kept in touch with the selected village leaders who were part of the governing core of the organization. Illegal congresses were convened regularly, 4 times a year.
In addition, under the guise of partying and drinking, illegal meetings were held in the cells, at which issues of current activities on the instructions of the center were discussed. At one of these regular meetings of the cells, a decision was made to carry out a coup, without indicating the day of the speech, but tentatively scheduling it for May 1, 1930. In its daily activities, the organization actively opposed the events held in the countryside. The beginning of the organizationʹs activities dates back to 1919‐1920.
4) Counter‐revolutionary kulak group in the village. Krasnoyarka Buguruslan env. in the amount of 50 people.
The groupʹs activities were directed against the ongoing activities in the countryside, in particular, against collectivization.
In January of this year, the group provoked mass demonstrations of women, and in order to expand the movement, messengers were sent to other villages for help.
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counterrevolutionary organizations 13 arrested for them: 849
Counter‐revolutionary groups 338 arrested on them: 4248
550 counterrevolutionary singles arrested
A total of 5,647 people were arrested
Of them:
Kulakov 3604
Wealthy 113
Serednyakov 16
Poor men and laborers 6
Traders 786
Employees 36
Clergy 340
Former landlords 88
Former people 81
23 former white officers
118 former police officers
There is no information about the social status and political past of 436
people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930) Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan on collective farms 86.0 in zemsovtsy 76.8 Contracting 55.1
Seed cleaning 74.9
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 26.1
Repair of tractors 75.2
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 56.4
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 71.1
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 81.7
Average number of holdings per collective farm 196
arable land 1813 ha
The number of socialized arable land on the edge 7072.0 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
Bends and distortions are massive in the Samara, Syzran, Penza districts, Mordovia region. In total, up to 160 village councils affected by distortions and excesses were taken into account. Along with gross distortions in the establishment of the contingent of dispossessed and evicted, there were cases of illegal deprivation of rights. In a number of districts of the Mordovian region. the poor and middle peasants were taxed on a par with the kulaks with the sum of fees on the deposit on the tractor. There are facts of theft of property confiscated from the kulaks, its division among the poor and members of commissions. The kinks and distortions contributed to the growth of tendencies towards flight among certain groups of the poor and middle peasants (Orenburg environs). In the Mordvin region. individual workers of the village councils and party members hide kulak property subject to confiscation.
NVK
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 42 performances, of which 1,600 performances were motivated by collectivization and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element *. (so, in the document, apparently there should be 16 performances)
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 66 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 40.
1929 year
October
15 performances
3300 participants
November
7 ‐ ʺ‐
1700 ‐ ʺ‐
December
20 ‐ʺ‐
5100 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total]
42 ‐ ʺ‐
10100 ‐ ʺ‐
1930 year
January
28 performances
6490 participants
February
29 ‐ ʺ‐
4550
14 days of incomplete)
March
(data
nine ‐ʺ‐
1720
[Total]
66 ‐ ʺ‐
12760 ‐ ʺ‐
Affected counties.
Selected performances are noteworthy. In the Astrakhan environs. in with. Mochalovo, as a result of a series of mistakes made during dispossession, the kulaks and churchmen from the end of February managed to provoke a protest, as a result of which 6 party members and activists were killed and 8 severely beaten.
In the Stalingrad environs. in with. Tsatsa was opposed to the eviction of the kulaks. In order to free the evicted, a chase was arranged (during the speech, several activists were beaten).
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
49
1930 g.
January
12
November
41
February
66
December
12
14 days of March (data incomplete)
1
[Total:]
102
[Total:]
79
Types of terrorist attacks
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
8
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
4
injuries
thirteen
injuries
7
beatings
31
beatings
23
assassination attempts
thirteen
assassination attempts
19
possessing, hurting.
37
possessing, hurting.
26
[Total:]
102
[Total:]
79
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 January ‐ 3 leaflets, 4 anonymous letters. Total: 7. February ‐ 37 leaflets, 11 anonymous letters. Total: 48
Organization of counterrevolutionaries
A characteristic feature of counter‐revolutionary activity in the NIAC is a significant growth in the insurgency, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in terror and individual banditry. At the same time, there was an increase in rebel agitation and rumors in the rebel farms (especially in the Balashov, Stalingrad, Khopersk and Pugachev districts).
Counterrevolutionary manifestations for the most part come from organized counterrevolutionary groups and organizations. Thus, during the operation, 27 counter‐revolutionary groups (with 333 members) were identified and liquidated, which organized, led and actively participated in mass demonstrations. The data on arrests given below are also indicative in this respect (single persons make up less than 10% of all those arrested).
The activities of organized counter‐revolution are characterized by the following examples:
1) Counter‐revolutionary insurgent organization in the Balashov okr. covered 15 settlements and was associated with the village of the Tambov okr. TsCHO. Preparing for an armed uprising, the organization outlined its dates, intended to organize a gang, acquired weapons and campaigned for desertion from the ranks of the Red Army with weapons. The structure of the organization ‐ settlement cells in the Central Black Earth Region, the core of the organization were former Antonovites (131 people were arrested).
2) Kulak counter‐revolutionary group in the village. Kamenka of Atkar env. in the amount of 24 people covered the neighboring villages: Malinovka, Zmeevka and Krutets. Sufficiently organized, the group provoked the peasants into a mass demonstration, seized power for several days, introducing a state of siege in the village.
Withdrawal of counter‐revolutionary kulak‐white guard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 9 arrested for them: 298
Counterrevolutionary groups 566
arrested on them: 5370
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 657
Total arrested ‐ 6325 people
Of them:
Kulakov 5532
Wealthy 24
Serednyakov 298
Poor and farm laborers 75
Others 396
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms ‐ 64.7
‐ in zemsotios ‐ 69.0
Contracting 49.5
Seed cleaning 56.1
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 29.9
Repair of tractors 42.0
Collectivization:
The percentage of collectivization of farms 67.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 61.4
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 115.2
Average number of farms per collective farm 552.6 arable land 5747.1 ha
The number of socialized arable land in the region, along the edge
6321.8 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
Over the past two months, up to 190 village councils, affected by excesses and distortions, mainly due to dispossession of kulaks, have been counted in the NVK. The excesses were especially widespread in the Stalingrad, Volsk, Balashov, Atkarsk, Kamyshin and Astrakhan districts. Arrests of middle peasants who do not want to join collective farms, and the assignment of middle peasants to the category of dispossessed are most common in the Astrakhan, Stalingrad and Volsk districts. In some places, rampant searches were carried out among the poor, ostensibly in order to discover the hidden kulak property (ASSR NP). Large curvatures were made in a number of areas during the preparation of the spring sowing campaign. Local organizations in a number of districts are forcing the middle peasants to pour out the grain with arrests and threats. In some cases, the last grain intended for food is taken from the poor (Balashov and Atkarsky districts).
URAL
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 1 performance; on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ speeches.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 8 speeches, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 5.
1929 year
October 1 performance with ‐ participants
November ‐ from ‐
December ‐ from ‐
[total] 1 s ‐
1930 year
January
2
performances
150 participants
February
4 ‐ʺ‐
300
14 days of
incomplete)
March
(data
2 ‐ ʺ‐
100 ‐ʺ‐
[Total]
8 ‐ʺ‐
550
Terror
Total terror
1929 g.
October
136
1930 g.
January
36
November
53
February
32
December
ten
14 days
incomplete)
of
March
(data
thirteen
[Total:]
199
[Total:]
81
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
17
For 2
months. 14 days
1930 g.
murders
6
injuries
eleven
injuries
6
beatings
57
beatings
32
assassination attempts
25
assassination attempts
29
possessing, hurting.
89
possessing, hurting.
sixteen
[Total:]
199
[Total:]
81 *
* so, in the document
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930, January ‐ 13 leaflets.
February ‐ flyers ....
Anti‐Soviet manifestations
Counter‐revolutionary activity in the Urals is mainly due to the strengthening of insurrectionary tendencies among the White Guards, White Insurgents and White Bandit elements and is aimed at creating insurgent organizations and groups.
As a characteristic feature in the activities of counterrevolutionary organizations and groups, we note the search for connections with antiSoviet parties, other groups and admiralty, both within the region and in the central cities of the Union.
Below are the most typical of the liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups.
1. The counter‐revolutionary insurgent organization, which embraced a number of districts of Ishim, Kurgan, Petropavlovsk and Omsk districts, consisted of kulaks, former whites and bandits. An armed uprising scheduled for January 25 was being prepared.
In connection with the dekulakization measures, he changes his plan of action and postpones the uprising, appointing it again for March 6. The plan of the uprising was carefully worked out ‐ 8 battle groups were organized, commandants, chiefs of staff and battle groups were appointed, the corresponding passes were distributed and a password was set (55 people were arrested, the operations are ongoing).
2. Kulak‐bandit counterrevolutionary organizations in the Lamensk region of the Ishim okr., Covering a number of villages and setting as their task the preparation of an armed uprising. The organization consisted of 35 people ‐ kulaks, former active bandits and insurgents. The organization included individual candidates of the AllUnion Communist Party of Bolsheviks and Soviet workers who were recruited to press the poor through Soviet and public bodies in order to provoke discontent among the general population and thereby pave the way for the planned uprising.
3. Counter‐revolutionary organizations in Irbit ‐ ʺCombat headquarters for the fight against arbitrariness and Bolshevism.ʺ The organization consisted of 5 people ‐ former white officers, sergeants and exiles. The inspiration was a senior accountant at a state bank. At one of the meetings of the members of the organization, the following program guidelines were outlined: a) the organization of an armed uprising in the Urals; b) expropriation of the state bank and individuals ‐ representatives of institutions; c) the organization of combat groups in the areas of the Irbit environs. and the Urals; d) individual terror; e) communication with anti‐Soviet parties and groups in the center. Withdrawn kulak‐white guard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 18 arrested on them: 547
Counter‐revolutionary groups 262 arrested for them: 1124
Counter‐revolutionary singles arrested 3909
A total of 5,580 people were arrested
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign: Semfund filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms ‐ 91.2
‐ in rural communities ‐ 103.8
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 32.8
Seed cleaning 68.3
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 129.1
Repair of tractors 74.4
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 68.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 52.6
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its presence on farms that have joined collective farms 95.6
Average number of farms per collective farm 226.6 arable land 1581.6 ha
The number of socialized arable land in the region 6168.3 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
In the process of dispossession of kulaks, allowance was made for excesses and distortions in 155 village soviets, mainly in the Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, Irbit and Sverdlovsk districts. Cases of beating of middle peasants and women were registered (Ishim okr.) In order to socialize seeds in a number of districts, literal searches were carried out among middle peasants and poor peasants. Forcing the poor and middle peasants to join collective farms under the threat of inventory of property and eviction was also noted in a number of areas of the Chelyabinsk and Shadrinsky districts.
SIBERIA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 22 performances; of them on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element * speeches. (* The figure is not in the document.)
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 31 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization ‐ 24.
1929 year
October
17 performances
with 1563
members
November
4
280
December
1
150
[Total]
22
1993
1930 year
January
7 performances
with 1840
members
February
17 ‐ ʺ‐
from 2370 ‐ ʺ‐
14 days of incomplete)
March
(data
7 ‐ ʺ‐
from 1780 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total]
31 ‐ ʺ‐
from 5990
Affected areas and counties
By the number of mass performances, the Novosibirsk env. ‐ 10 for
January‐March 1930
The most serious performances took place:
1. In the Muromtsevsky district of the Barabinsk district, an armed kulak‐bandit uprising, which arose in connection with the eviction of kulaks and the seizure of the ASE.
2. In the Mukhorshibirsky district in Buryat‐Mongolia, an armed uprising that engulfed the Zagansky, Tuchitsky and Dudakovsky soms, as well as a number of adjacent villages of the Chita district of the DCK.
In March, an unfavorable situation was recorded in the Altai region of the Biysk okr.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
164
1930 g.
January
21
November
110
February
45
December
39
14 days of March (data incomplete)
1
[Total:]
313
[Total:]
67
Types of terrorist attacks
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
34
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
8
injuries
thirteen
injuries
fourteen
beatings
96
beatings
eleven
assassination attempts
79
assassination attempts
eighteen
possessing, hurting.
91
possessing, hurting.
sixteen
[Total:]
313
[Total:]
67
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 January: leaflets — 10; anonymous letters ‐ 12; total ‐ 22
February: leaflets ‐ 16; ananimals ‐ 8; total ‐ 24
Organized counter‐revolution
The development of counterrevolutionary activity in Siberia is characterized by: 1) a significant increase in the activation and consolidation of the kulaks and White Guard bandit elements;
2) the growing counterrevolutionary nature of organizations and groups from those opposing the measures of the Soviet government into insurgent ones.
Of the activities of organized counter‐revolution, attention is drawn to the preparation of an uprising and the creation for this purpose of widely deployed insurgent organizations; concentration of counterrevolutionary elements and bandits in the taiga ʺfor the accumulation of forcesʺ for the moment of the uprising and the concentration of those products and ammunition, the accumulation of weapons and ammunition through theft; the tendency towards communication with abroad; probing the mood of the workers.
The following liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups are most typical:
1) A kulak‐political organization in the Novosibirsk region that called itself the ʺFamily of an exemplary society.ʺ The organization consisted of over 100 people and covered ten settlements of the Chulym, Kargatsky, Uzhanikhinsky and Bonsinsky regions. There was a governing headquarters, ʺboardʺ and ʺofficeʺ. The organization kept records of weapons and people (according to the ʺmilitary specialtyʺ). A communication cipher was developed. Membership fees have been set. Entry into the organization was formalized by submitting written applications approved by the ʺboardʺ. Building an organization ‐ settlement cells, which in turn broke up into ʺfivesʺ, headed by ʺeldersʺ who were subordinate to the ʺsenior settlement cellsʺ. An armed uprising was being prepared, which was scheduled for February 10, about which an announcement of ʺgovernmentʺ was sent to the cells. After the operation, the hiding members of the ʺboardʺ developed a plan to assassinate the police and communists with. Romenskoye in order to release those arrested, seize weapons, planning to raise an uprising in several settlements.
2) Counter‐revolutionary kulak organization in the Biysk okr. in the number of 56 people, which covered a number of villages in the Soloneshsky region, as well as the neighboring Ust‐Konsky and Uimonsky aimags of Oiratia. The organization has been successful in recruiting members and stockpiling weapons. The leaders were in constant communication with each other and periodically held meetings to discuss the preparation of the organizationʹs cells for the speech. The day of the performance was scheduled.
3) Counter‐revolutionary kulak organization in the Pavlovsk region of the Barnaul okr. in the amount of 21 people. Setting the task of raising an armed uprising, the organization planned: to carry out an intensified recruitment of members (exclusively from the kulaks and anti‐Soviet elements); the creation of weapons procurement from recruited cells under general centralized leadership; the organization built a barrack in the taiga, where the leaders were hiding. Several three‐line rifles, Berdan guns, revolvers and cartridges were purchased. In order to acquire weapons, the organization raided the Shelabolikhinsky police station.
4) Counter‐revolutionary Cossack group in the village. Nikolaevka Omsk environs. in the amount of 12 people according to the words of the former village chieftain. The group kept in touch with the officers who were in exile and in the event of a war with China had to form a sabotage detachment. The group was preparing to create a rebel organization.
Band manifestations. Simultaneously with the growth of counterrevolutionary activity on the edge, there is an increase in the old and the formation of new, mainly typically kulak gangs, the replenishment of which comes at the expense of the kulaks fleeing from the villages to the taiga.
1. In the Achinsk district. the Pimshchikov and Chigildeev gang in
November 1929, which consisted of 8 disenfranchised kulaks, by February 1930 had grown at the expense of the kulaks of 13 settlements to 100 people.
2. In the Krasnoyarsk environs. Vikhlyaevʹs gang (liquidated) within two days grew to 120 people at the expense of kulaks, former punishers, former whites and counter‐revolutionary elements.
3. In the Kansk env. in the taiga, an armed gang of kulaks was organized, numbering up to 150 people. The gang is not active (ʺwe will sit until spring; you will find out in the springʺ).
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counterrevolutionary organizations 14 arrested on them: 470
Counterrevolutionary groups 350
arrested on them: 2779
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 4868
In total, 8117 people were arrested
Of them:
Kulakov 3074
Wealthy 68
Serednyakov 54
Poor men and laborers 15
Others 448
There is no information about the social status and political past of 4458 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 87.1
‐ in zemsovtsy 83.9
Contracting 13.2
Seed cleaning 31.7
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 19.9
Seed treatment 0.5
Repair of tractors 69.2
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 46.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 32.5
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 93.6
Average number of farms per collective farm 88
‐ arable land 421 ha
The number of socialized arable land on the edge 3416.0 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
The overwhelming majority of excesses took place on the basis of dispossession. In total, over the past 2 months, 309 village councils, affected by excesses and distortions, were taken into account, of which in 44 village councils excesses were expressed in the use of forced collectivization. In Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Rubtsovsky, Barabinsky districts and Oiratia, numerous cases of ʺdispossessionʺ of middle peasants and former Red partisans have been noted. Everything was taken from the dispossessed, including their underwear, and they were asked to leave their homes within 24 hours. In some areas, the distortions allowed were of a downright provocative nature. In Novosibirsk, Tomsk and other districts, mass arrests of middle and poor peasants who do not want to join collective farms have been reported; they were also arrested for failure to surrender the seed funds and for speaking out against tractor obligations (Biysk, Slavgorod, Barnaul okrugs). In most of the districts dispossessed property was sold, often for a pittance. In Kamensky, Totsky and other districts, numerous cases of appropriation by local workers of property confiscated from kulaks have been registered. As a result of excesses, there are massive tendencies and exits from collective farms, as well as tendencies towards resettlement among a part of the poor and middle peasants. In the Kansk env. there were cases of liquidation of village councils in the area of complete collectivization.
MOSCOW REGION
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 12 performances; on the basis of collectivization and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element — 1 speech.
For 2 months 14 days of 1930 ‐ 245 performances, of which 199 performances were motivated by collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks.
1929 year
October
1 performance
with 50 participants
November
five
420 ‐ ʺ‐ (3 ex.)
December
6
1080 ‐ ʺ‐ (6 ex.)
[Total]
12 ‐ʺ‐
1550 ‐ ʺ‐ (9 ex.)
1930 year
January
9
performances
with 2990 participants
(7 shows)
February
110 ‐ ʺ‐
from 12540 ‐ ʺ‐ (62 ex.)
14 days of March (data incomplete)
126
from 25405 ‐ ʺ‐ (80 ex.)
[Total]
245 ‐ ʺ‐
with 40935 participants
(149 ex.)
Affected counties and areas
The growth in the number of mass demonstrations is due to the numerous excesses in dispossession and collectivization used by the kulaks and the anti‐Soviet element.
A huge increase in mass demonstrations in February and early March is due to performances in the Ryazan and Bezhetsk districts. The incomplete data given only partially reflects the actual situation. The speeches covered many settlements of Sandovsky, Vesyegonsky, Molokovsky, Krasnokholmsky districts. The speeches were accompanied by the beating and expulsion from the villages of local Soviet workers and communists, the analysis of the socialized semfond and cattle, the release of the arrested kulaks and the resettlement of their former homes. In the Sandovsky district, mass unrest began to subside. During the last ten days, mass demonstrations in Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan (again) and Kolomna districts have become more frequent.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
66
1930 g.
January
25
November
76
February
82
December
fifteen
14 days of March (data incomplete)
24
[Total:]
157
[Total:]
131
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
8
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
nine
injuries
7
injuries
8
beatings
28
beatings
22
assassination attempts
19
assassination attempts
29
haves, terror
95
haves, terror
63
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930, January ‐ 16 leaflets, 2 anonymous letters. February ‐ 46 leaflets,
16 anonymous letters.
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 124 arrested on them: 685
Counter‐revolutionary lonely arrested 1826
Total arrested ‐ 2511 people
Of them:
Kulakov 1013
Serednyakov 38
Traders 320
Clergy 268
Former landlords 42
Former people 53
Former Police Officers 26
Artisans 32
Others 17
There is no information about the social and political past for 702 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 156.6
‐ in zemsoviets 31.2
Contracting 25.9
Seed cleaning 77.1
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 46.7
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 37.1
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivized farms 73.0
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 76.0
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that joined collective farms 68.3
Average number of farms per collective farm ‐
‐ arable land ‐
The number of socialized arable land in the region 4499.7 thousand hectares
Kinks and distortions in the process of collectivization and dispossession
In a number of districts of Ryazan, Bezhetsky, Orekhovo‐Zuevsky, Tula, Kolomensky, Tverskoy districts, gross excesses and distortions of the party line during collectivization were recorded, which caused mass demonstrations in February ‐ March, which were especially acute in Ryazan and Bezhetsk districts (in the latter, unrest still continues).
The roughest excesses in wide dimensions were recorded: in the Ryazan district ‐ Petelinsky, Tumsky, Ryazhsky; in Bezhetsky ‐ Sandovsky, Molokovsky, Vesyegonsky, Krasnokholmsky; in Kaluga ‐
Bobyninsky, Kaluga; in Tverskoy ‐ Rameshkovsky, Torzhsky; in Kolomenskoye ‐ Ashitovsky, Bronnitsky.
Mass exits from collective farms. In all districts, exits from collective farms became widespread. Only in the Moscow environs. on March 10, in 22 districts, the output of 16,000 farms was recorded, along the Kaluga env. in February 11,425 farms were discharged (out of 57,890 collectivized farms). The most affected area is Bobyninsky (55% of those who left), Kaluga ‐ (21.2%). In the Sandovsky district of the Bezhetsk okr., 75% collectivized, by March 7, only 30% of the farms remained. In the Petushinsky district of the Orekhovo‐Zuevsky env. by March 5, 50% of collectivized farms had come out.
NORTHERN REGION
Mass performances
1929 year
October
‐
‐
November
2
performances
with 200 participants (1 show each)
December
‐
‐
[Total]
2
performances
with 200 participants (1 show each)
1930 year
January
1 performance
with 50 participants
February
‐
did not have
14 days of March (data incomplete)
‐
‐
[Total]
1 performance
50 participants
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
fourteen
1930 g.
January
7
November
eighteen
February
five
December
eleven
14 days of March
‐
[Total:]
43
[Total:]
12
Types of terrorist attacks
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
6
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
3
injuries
3
injuries
1
beatings
7
beatings
2
assassination attempts
five
assassination attempts
4
possessing, hurting.
22
possessing, hurting.
2
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 1 anonymous February ‐ 1 leaflet
14 days of March ‐ no information has been received.
Operational activities
On the edge on March 13, liquidated: Counterrevolutionary groups 26 arrested on them: 137
Counterrevolutionary loners arrested 539 Total arrested ‐ 676 people
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 91.4
‐ in zemsoviet 89.2
Contracting 68.6
Seed cleaning 27.7
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 40.8
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 32.7
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 42.0
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 31.3
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 79.7
Average number of farms per collective farm 80.8
The number of socialized arable land in the region 424.8 thousand hectares
Kinks and curvatures
Numerous cases of ʺdispossessionʺ of middle and poor peasants, the use of coercive methods in collectivization, arrests of middle peasants and poor peasants who do not want to join collective farms, etc., are mainly noted in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda districts. To a lesser extent, bends and bends took place in the Severo‐Dvinsky and Nyandomsky districts. The roughest excesses were made in the town of Kadnikovo, Vologda environs. In the same district, there were cases of arrest of children.
As a result of excesses in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda districts, there are cases of mass withdrawal from collective farms of middle peasants who have joined collective farms under the threat of being dispossessed.
The situation of the exiled kulaks and the mood of the local population in connection with the arrival of the exiled
It is seriously alarming that in the first echelons of the arriving exiled kulaks from the Ostrogozhsky (TsChO) and Kherson (Ukrainian SSR) districts, many of the deported did not have supplies of food, money or even shoes. On the way and upon arrival, such families ate themselves from the alms of other families with supplies. Many deported from the Kherson env. missing documents. The incidence on the way is relatively low (1.37% to the entire composition).
On the part of the exiles placed in temporary premises in the city of Arkhangelsk, attempts were noted to resist their sending to work in connection with the spread of rumors about the death and frostbite of a large number of exiles sent earlier to work. Among young people, there was a mood to dissociate themselves from their parents and start an independent working life.
Upon arrival in Arkhangelsk of the first party of exiles, rumors spread among the population about ordeals on the way and the high death rate of kulaks. Rumors have been recorded among the townsfolk about the appalling situation of the exiles, showing sympathy for the kulaks.
LENINGRAD REGION
Mass performances
For 2 months 14 days in 1930. Total performances ‐ 6, of which on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 3 performances.
For the last 3 months of 1929 ‐ 1 performance on a religious basis.
1929 year
October
1 performance
with 100 participants
November
‐
‐
December
‐
‐
[Total]
1 performance
with 100 participants
1930 year
January
2
performances
with 600 participants shows)
(2
February
4
from 320 ‐ ʺ‐ (3 ex.)
14 days
March
of
‐
‐
[Total]
6
performances
with 920 participants
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
142
1930 g.
January
39
November
95
February
48
December
40
14 days of March
28
[Total:]
277
[Total:]
115
Types of terror
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
eleven
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
6
injuries
25
injuries
fourteen
beatings
90
beatings
48
assassination attempts
61
assassination attempts
17
haves, terror
90
possessing, hurting.
thirty
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 4 leaflets, 5 anonymous letters. February ‐ 19 leaflets, 7 anonymous letters.
Anti‐Soviet manifestations in the Leningrad region.
Anti‐Soviet manifestations in the Leningrad region. go mainly along the line of anti‐Soviet agitation and the spread of provocative rumors. The distribution of anti‐Soviet leaflets is recorded in a significant number of cases. The bulk of those arrested are anti‐Soviet loners. There is a significant increase in the activation of the clergy (anticollective farm and anti‐Soviet sermons, popular confessions, pressure on collective farmers, etc.), which rely mainly on the female mass
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, 1930 the following were liquidated:
Counter‐revolutionary organizations 2 Anti‐Soviet groups 129 arrested on them: 685
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 2364
Total arrested ‐ 3049
Of them:
Kulakov 1395
Wealthy 50
Serednyakov 333
Poor and farm laborers 18
Traders 14
Employees 34
Clergy 104
Other anti‐Soviet elements 31
Workers 7
Former landlords 3
Former People 137
17 former white officers
Former Police Officers 6
Others 67
There is no information about the social status and political past of 843 people *.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 64.2
‐ in zemsotios 93.0
Contracting 20.3
Seed cleaning 44.5
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 6.7
Seed treatment 0.2
Repair of tractors 41.3
By category, the number of those arrested turned out to be 10 more people (3059 instead of 3049).
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivized farms 23.1
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 17.5
Percentage of socialization of livestock to its presence on farms that have joined collective farms 55.3
Average number of farms per collective farm 44.2
‐ arable land 140.7 ha
The number of socialized arable land in the region 520.6 thousand hectares
There are unfavorable indicators in the preparation of sowing material (cleaning, dressing and exchange of ordinary sowing material for varietal), contracting is carried out at an unsatisfactory pace. The situation with collective farms is especially unfavorable (filling the seed fund, socializing livestock, consolidating collective farms).
Kinks and distortions in the course of collectivization and dispossession. Exit from collective farms
Excesses and distortions in the process of collectivization (arrest, dispossession and eviction of middle peasants and poor peasants who refuse to join collective farms, or protests against them, deprivation of electoral rights for poor peasants and middle peasants) were noted in all districts, and especially in Novgorod, Pskov and Luga. In the Pskov Okrug, excesses and distortions were recorded in almost all areas.
In the Pskov, Leningrad, Borovichi and Luga districts, excesses in socialization and the forced transfer of agricultural partnerships to the charter of artels and these latter to the charter of communes caused an increase in the withdrawal from collective farms.
Antikolkhoz sentiments among some of the Leningrad workers
As a result of the insufficient work of trade‐union organizations on Party policy in the countryside, under the influence of agitation, fugitive kulaks, etc., infiltrated into the working environment and into the workersʹ quarters, among some of the workers (mainly associated with the countryside) of many enterprises in Leningrad, unhealthy sentiments were recorded ‐ conciliation to the kulak, sympathy for him, attacks against the party line. Isolated cases of anti‐Soviet actions have been recorded, etc.
WESTERN REGION
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 2 speeches.
For 2 months 14 days in 1930 (data incomplete) on the basis of collectivization, dispossession and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 63 performances.
1929 year
October
2 performances
with 300 participants (2 shows each)
November
4
from 580 ‐ ʺ‐ (4 times each)
December
2 ‐ ʺ ‐
from 95 ‐ ʺ‐ (2 ex.)
[Total]
8 ‐ʺ‐
with 975 participants
1930 year
January
34 performances
with 7165 participants (25 shows each)
February
37 ‐ ʺ‐
from 4305 ‐ ʺ‐ (to 28 ex.)
14 days
March
of
eighteen ‐ʺ‐
from 5800 ‐ ʺ‐ (up to 17 ex.)
[Total]
89 performances
with 17270 participants (71 * ex.)
* Must be 70.
The most serious protests took place in the Khotynetsky region (covered by protests against the socialization of the semfond and livestock, due to the excesses of 12 village councils); in the Lyudinovsky district (opposition to the removal of the anti‐Soviet element, against the semfond) of the Bryansk okr .; in the Staritsky district (anti‐collective farm performance in the region) of the Rzhevsky okr .; in the Surazh district (beating of a village activist, expelling a brigade from the village, crowd arming with stakes) of the Klintsovsky okr.
The most affected district is Bryansk.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
113
1930 g.
January
35
November
43
February
73
December
36
14 days of March
6
[Total:]
192
[Total:]
114
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
ten
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
nine
injuries
eleven
injuries
6
beatings
42
beatings
31
assassination attempts
31
assassination attempts
26
haves, terror
98
haves, terror
3
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 12 leaflets.
February ‐ 16 leaflets.
Organized counter‐revolution
For the Western region. the presence of a significant number of antiSoviet kulak groups and counter‐revolutionary organizations is characteristic. Some of them were in the mood for an uprising, preparing to lead it. Some of the groups were associated with overseas and foreign consulates.
In addition to the methods of struggle common to all regions of counterrevolutionary organizations and groups, one should note the intensified agitation for the liquidation of farms and emigration to Poland and Latvia.
Typical liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups
1. Counter‐revolutionary kulak‐nationalist organization of the Latvian colonists, headed by the Lutheran clergy. The organization contacted the Latvian consulate in Vitebsk, supplying it with information about the mood of the peasant colonists and others. The organization extended its activities to Smolensk and adjacent districts.
Organization structure: counterrevolutionary cells headed by ʺtroikasʺ (chairman, secretary and treasurer). The activities of the organization basically boiled down to: a) rallying Latvians to oppose all measures of the Soviet regime, especially collectivization; b) the disintegration of the party and Komsomol organizations and the seizure of the grassroots Soviet apparatus; c) winning over the youth; d) preparing colonists for emigration, inciting ʺnational‐patriotic feelings.ʺ
The work of the organization was masked by the performance of religious rituals and was strictly planned. At the meetings of the ʺtroikasʺ and the organizationʹs activists, plans were thoroughly discussed, and forms and methods of further counter‐revolutionary work were developed (122 people were arrested in the case).
2. Counter‐revolutionary organization of former monks. The organization was headed by the former governor of the Trinity Monastery, who illegally lived on the farms of the former Smolensk province. The organization planted counter‐revolutionary cells in the Smolensk, Vyazemsk, Roslavl and Sukhinichesk districts. Houses for monks were built on farmsteads and in the forest, where meetings of members of the cells and ʺactivistsʺ were convened. The meetings were guarded by patrols. The purpose of the organization is to overthrow the existing system. The organization developed a frenzied counterrevolutionary agitation: ʺSoviet power is the rule of the antichrists, the power of the godless.ʺ 72 people were arrested in the case.
3. Counter‐revolutionary kulak organization in the Velikie Luki Okr. (Nevelsky district) under the leadership of priest Nebylov. The organization held illegal meetings, discussed tactics for the near future, outlined candidates in the event of a counter‐revolutionary coup; had connections with other areas of the region and with Poland. 19 people were arrested.
4. Counterrevolutionary rebel organization in the Bryansk region, calling itself the ʺUnion for the Liberation of Russiaʺ, consisting of former officers and merchants. The organization outlined the preparation of mass peasant uprisings for the overthrow of Soviet power; distributed anti‐Soviet proclamations and proclamations, tried to acquire a chapirograph. 10 people were arrested.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 150.4
‐ in zemsoviets 102.2
Contracting 7.6
Seed cleaning 60.3
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 5.8
Seed treatment 5.2
Repair of tractors 18.0
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivized farms 39.4
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock per livestock 33.7
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 48.1
Average number of farms per collective farm 101.4
‐ arable land 417.5 hectares
The number of socialized arable land in the region 1920.3 thousand hectares
Satisfactory indicators: in the collection and socialization of the seed fund, seed cleaning. The rate of contracting, the exchange of ordinary grain for high‐quality sowing material, seed treatment and repair of tractors inspire fears of a possible failure of the plan. The most lagging behind in preparation for spring sowing is the Vyazemsky district, which is scheduled for complete collectivization in the next 1‐2 years. Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
Bends and bends are numerous in all districts (especially in the Smolensk, Velikoluksky, Bryansk and Klintsovsky districts). Basically, they boiled down to: taxation of the middle peasants on an individual basis (Kardym region and Smolensk environs); dispossession and eviction of the middle peasants, families of the Red Army, teachers from the clergy, etc. (Bryansk, Vyazemsky, Smolensk, Sukhinichesky and Velikiye Luki districts).
In the Bryansk and Klintsovsky districts, there are numerous cases of socialization of the entire livestock, including small livestock, poultry, socialization of household lands, etc. On a smaller scale, the same is true in other districts.
Mass exits from collective farms
According to incomplete data, during the period from November 10 [1929] to March 10, 1930, 7,630 farms were discharged from the collective farms in 7 districts, of which 4478 were discharged from March 5 to March 10. The greatest outflow from collective farms is observed in the following districts and districts:
Shablykinskiy and Pesochinskiy Bryansk environs; Pochinkovsky and Roslavlsky Roslavl environs; Kardymsky and Dorogobuzhsky Smolensk environs; Klintsovsky district of the same
district; Boryatinsky district of Sukhinichesky env.
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 5 arrested on them: 376
Counterrevolutionary groups 226 arrested for them: 1567
Counterrevolutionary loners arrested 1757
In total, 3700 people were arrested.
Of them:
Kulakov 3258
Serednyakov 7
Poor people and laborers 1
Employees 1
Clergy 128
Former landlords 305
BELARUS
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 9 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 3 performances.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 133 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization, dispossession and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 128 performances (data are incomplete).
1929 year
October
1 performance
with 50 participants
November
6 ‐ ʺ‐
from 685 ‐ ʺ‐ (5th ex.)
December
2 ‐ ʺ‐
from 111 ‐ ʺ‐ (2 ex.)
[Total]
nine ‐ʺ‐
with 846 participants (8 shows each)
1930 year
January
4 performances
with 450 participants (3 shows each)
February
58 ‐ ʺ‐
from 11470 ‐ ʺ‐ (to 28 ex.)
14 days
March
of
71 ‐ ʺ‐
from 1890 ‐ ʺ‐ (up to 17 ex.)
[Total]
133 performances
with 13610 participants * (69
** ex.)
* Error in counting; correct ‐ 13810.
** Error in counting; correct ‐ 59.
Affected counties and areas
In the Minsk, Mozyr, Mogilev and Orsha districts in late February and early March in a number of districts, mass demonstrations, accompanied by the beating of Soviet workers, the expulsion of communists and brigadniks, covered a number of adjacent
villages. The situation continues to be tense (data as of March 15).
The most serious performances took place: in the Dubrovinsky region of the Orsha okr. (covered 14 settlements in 5 village councils on the basis of socialization ‐ end of February); in Petrikovsky, Kopatkevichsky, Korolinsky districts of the Mozyr environs; in the Smilovichi region of the Minsk environs. (the soil is the withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element and the eviction of kulaks; the form is active resistance, beating and expulsion of agricultural activists, brigade workers). The performance is in early March.
In with. The Lyaskovichi crowd resisted a detachment of border guards armed with a machine gun, weapons were used.
Performances in the Zhitkovichi district (border) of the Mozyr okr. continue, transferring from one village to another.
The situation remains tense (data as of March 15).
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
72
1930 g.
January
47
November
70
February
57
December
25
14 days of March
32
[Total:]
167
[Total:]
136
Types of terror
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
thirteen
For 2 months. 14 days
1930 g.
murders
thirteen
injuries
thirteen
injuries
thirteen
beatings
40
beatings
22
assassination attempts
29
assassination attempts
26
haves, terror
72
haves, terror
62
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 12 leaflets.
February — 19 leaflets, 1 anonymous letter.
Operational activities
In the republic on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 8 arrested on them: 420
Counter‐revolutionary groups 560 arrested on them: 3488
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 2129
A total of 6037 people were arrested.
Organized counter‐revolution
The BSSR is distinguished by the presence of a significant number of counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups, especially in the border districts. For a number of uncovered groups and organizations in these districts, their connection with the Zakordon was established, the leading role in them of the II Department of the Main Staff of Poland. Some groups carried out systematic espionage work for Poland.
Their basic installation and activity is reduced to the following:
1) Preparation of acts of sabotage, sabotage and armed action at the time of the declaration of war.
2) Creation of cadres of partisan detachments for this case.
In addition, in their daily work, these organizations prepared mass demonstrations, engaged in terrorist activities against rural workers, spread provocative rumors and carried on anti‐Soviet and anticollective farm agitation.
These organizations were built on the basis of the experience of the Polish military organizations that existed during the civil war (ʺPOVʺ, ʺDovudstva defense of cressʺ, ʺguard Kressovʺ, etc.).
In Poland, near the border, special agencies of the 2nd branch of the Polglavshtab, separated from intelligence, are creating secret depots of weapons and explosives to transfer them at the right time to the USSR. The assets of the created sabotage organizations are passed through special saboteur schools.
The main personnel of sabotage and insurgent organizations is the Polish gentry (kulaks), which in the BSSR makes up 10‐12% of the entire Polish population, with 3.5% of the kulak stratum among the Belarusian peasantries.
Typical of liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations
In the Mozyr and Bobruisk districts, a sabotage and insurrectionary organization was liquidated, the leaders of which were the leaders of large gangs that operated in 1920‐22.
The bandits Kuchinsky, Savitsky, Gitalsky and others systematically crossed the border, established contacts, preparing groups of antiSoviet people in a number of villages for armed uprisings and sabotage work. At the same time, anti‐Soviet agitation was carried out, the dissolution of provocative rumors, anti‐Soviet documents, etc. Illegal meetings, which have become especially frequent since the end of 1929, were held with the participation of the leaders of the organization who came from Poland (illegally).
In October, at a meeting of the asset, targets for raids and sabotage were outlined, responsibilities were assigned to find and allocate sites for the launch of Polish aircraft. The leaders of the organization guaranteed the delivery of weapons (123 people were arrested).
In the Minsk env. the subversive and insurgent organization consisting of the former members of the circle “im. Pilsudski ʺ(the kulaks of the gentry). The organization was preparing the Polish population of Belarus for an armed uprising during the war (76 people were arrested).
In the Mozyr environs. the sabotage‐insurgent organization of the kulaks‐gentry and former sabotage bandits was liquidated. The organization operated in a divided manner (in groups). 3 members of the CPSU (b) were recruited into it. The task of the organization was to raise an armed uprising in case of war; outlined a number of acts of sabotage on the railways. The organization communicated with Zakordon using ciphers and through special couriers (78 people were arrested).
In the Polotsk env. an organization of large kulaks carried out espionage work under the leadership of Polish intelligence. To cover their activities, the members of the organization were engaged in smuggling (63 people were arrested).
Typical of the liquidated anti‐Soviet groups
In the Pleshenichesky district of the Minsk environs. A group from the Polish gentry (formerly the owners of large plots of land) conducted anti‐Soviet agitation, disrupting ongoing measures for land management, infringement of the kulaks, spreading provocative rumors about the arrival of the White Poles and the reprisals against persons promoting the measures of the Soviet government. The members of the group assisted the agents of the Polish intelligence agencies, hiding them and looking for persons for espionage (10 people were arrested).
In the Seinensky district of the Vitebsk env. The Polish‐gentry patriotic group campaigned for the arrival of Polish troops on the territory of Belarus, was engaged in espionage, having a connection with the Polish intelligence officer Slyatsky, who led the groupʹs activities. The participants organized massive opposition to the events of the Soviet regime among the Polish population (12 people were arrested).
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 85.5
‐ in zemsoviets 49.6
Contracting 12.2
Seed cleaning 64.4
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 3.2
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 45.7
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 57.9
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock from livestock 40.7
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 48.3
Average number of farms per collective farm 123.6
‐ arable land 740.3 ha
The number of socialized arable land in the republic is 27392 thousand hectares
Backfilling of the seed fund is proceeding at an insufficient rate, especially in zemsovtsy, the cleaning of seed grain, an unsatisfactory rate of repair of tractors; an alarmingly slow rate of contracting, the exchange of ordinary grain for varietal sowing material.
Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
Excesses and perversions in the BSSR, mainly during dispossession and eviction, have become widespread in a number of districts. Sampled from mid‐February to March 10, facts of gross excesses and perversions were recorded in 143 village councils.
The largest number of facts of bends were recorded (along the descending line) in the Minsk, Vitebsk, Gomel, Bobruisk, Mozyr and Orsha (in particular, in the Dubrovinsky district) districts. In a significant number of cases, excesses took place in the course of collectivization (mainly in connection with socialization).
Leaving the collective farms
Mass exits from the end of February in all districts (especially in Gomel and Mozyr): on March 7, 2093 collective farm members were discharged in a few days. In the Gomel District, all 4 collective farms collapsed. Reasons: weak consolidation of the newly organized collective farms, excesses in the socialization of the means of production and property, a significant increase in the activity of the kulaks, increased rumors of war.
NIZHEGORODSKY REGION
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 6 performances, of which 2 performances on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 39 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization, the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 25 performances.
1929 year
October
2
performances
with 500 participants
November
‐
‐
December
4
from 1180 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total]
6
with 1680 participants
1930 year
January
8
performances
with 1300 participants (5 shows each)
February
24
from 2750 ‐ ʺ‐ (10 ex.)
14 days of March (data incomplete)
7
from 3170 ‐ ʺ‐ (4 ex.)
[Total]
39 performances
with 7220 participants
(22 * ex.)
* Error in counting; correct ‐ 19.
Affected counties and areas
The most serious performances took place in the village. B. Murashkino Lyskovsky district of Nizhny Novgorod env. (March 7 ‐ 3,000 people, resistance to the removal of the anti‐Soviet element, the Red Army detachment fought back with rifle butts); the villages of Chufarovo, Yanovo and Gribanovo, Oktyabrsky district, Arzamas env. (against the closure of a church and a mosque, a demonstration with anti‐Soviet slogans); from. Mozharki of the Kanash region of the CASSR (on February 27, 8,000 people resisted the removal of the anti‐Soviet element, the intervention of an armed detachment ‐ 10 people was required. No weapon was used).
Terror
All about terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
59
1930 g.
January
17
November
23
February
fifteen
December
12
14 days of March (data incomplete)
19
[Total:]
94
[Total:]
51
Types of terror
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
8
For 2
months. 14 days
1930 g.
murders
eleven
injuries
‐
injuries
4
beatings
22
beatings
21
assassination attempts
fourteen
assassination attempts
five
haves, terror
50
haves, terror
20
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 2 leaflets. February ‐ 1 leaflet and 1 anonymous letter.
Of these: 1 insurgent leaflets, 1 anti‐collective farm leaflets and 1 against dispossession and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element, and 1 anonymous letter.
Organized counter‐revolution
There is a significant increase in the activity of counter‐revolutionary groups.
Some groups were led by white officers, former landowners, clergymen, had a mindset for an uprising and formed rebel cells.
In Czechoslovakia and other regions, individual mass demonstrations were prepared by counter‐revolutionary groups, which at the right time used any, often insignificant, reason for the protest itself.
Features of tactics and methods of struggle of counter‐revolutionary groups in the Nizhny Novgorod region: 1) the use of the church for political purposes; 2) sending their agents (former monks, beggars) to the districts to conduct counter‐revolutionary agitation; 3) the organization of handicraft circles for the processing of young people and especially women.
Typical of liquidated counter‐revolutionary groups
Grouping of former kulaks and breeders in the village. B. Murashkino of the Lyskovsky district of the Nizhokrug, who repeatedly thwarted economic campaigns, organized a protest of peasants (3000 people) during the seizure of the anti‐Soviet element (31 people were arrested ‐ a member of the group).
In with. Karacharovo Murom env. (area of continuous collectivization) a group of kulaks and nuns, led by the priest, prepared a mass demonstration (a rope was led from the alarm bell to the church gatehouse). As a result of the groupʹs activities (disruption of meetings, agitation, spreading provocative rumors, etc.) 100 farms left the collective farm in 3 days.
Terrorist kulak‐bandit group in the village. The Nizhokruga temple, headed by the former leader of the uprising, organized a series of arson attacks, beat several activists and collective farmers. Using the closure of the local church, she organized a mass demonstration (41 people were arrested).
Rebel kulak group in the village. Kudoevo of the Poretsky region of the Chuvash ASSR, aiming to organize an armed uprising, organized illegal meetings, recruited new people (17 people were arrested).
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 184 arrested for them: 1078
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 1266
A total of 2,344 people were arrested
Of them:
Kulakov 885
Serednyakov 41
Service 26
Clergy 185
Former landlords 8
Former people 342
Former White Officers 61
17 former police officers
Artisans 100
Others 33
There is no information about the social status and political past for 646 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 158.2 *
‐ in zemsoviets 89.3
* Note: Calculated as a percentage of the plan established for January 20, 1930. The collectivization plan has been overfulfilled since that time, therefore the plan for filling the seed fund for January 20, 1930 is underestimated and the collection of the seed fund
continues. (Documents note. ‐ Ed.).
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 48.1
Seed cleaning 53.2
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 74.8
Seed treatment 0.2
Repair of tractors 63.2
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 48.7
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock from livestock 54.7
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 63.9
Average number of farms per collective farm 119.8
‐ arable land 693.1 ha
The number of socialized arable land on the edge 3881.3 thousand hectares
We have unsatisfactory performance in contracting, cleaning and especially seed treatment. The repair of tractors is proceeding at an insufficient pace.
Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
The excesses and distortions in collectivization and dispossession of kulaks are very numerous (arrests of the poor and middle peasants for refusing to join collective farms, dispossession of the middle peasants, mockery of the dispossessed people, eviction ʺon all four sidesʺ with children, a massive campaign of closing churches and mosques in administrative order and arrests of priests).
The greatest number of facts of kinks and distortions was recorded in the Votsk region, Arzamas, Vyatka, Kotelnichesky and Nolinsky districts and the CASSR.
From February 15 to March 10, 153 settlements were taken into account by a selective method, where there were gross bends and distortions.
Mass withdrawal from collective farms
Since the end of February, there has been a tendency to quit collective farms, which continues to grow to this day. Withdrawals from collective farms and communes in Vyatka, Nolinsky, Arzamas, Kotelnichesky and Nizhny Novgorod districts took on a mass character.
In the Vyatka Okr. over the past few days, more than 1,500 farms have left the collective farm, 1,000 of them from the Slobodsky District. On the collective farm of the entirely collectivized Zepelevsky village council, 35 out of 417 farms remained on February 28.
In V. Boldinsky district of Arzamas env. in 20 days, the percentage of collectivized farms dropped from 40 to 32 (about 1000 farms came out).
IVANOVSK INDUSTRIAL REGION
Mass performances
Digital data. For the last 3 months, 1929 was not.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 63 performances; on the basis of collectivization, dispossession and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element, 14 were recorded.
October
1929 year
November
} did not have
did not have
December
1930 year
January
1
performance
February
8 ‐ʺ‐
with 794 participants (6 shows each)
14 days of March (data incomplete)
8 ‐ʺ‐
from 2740 ‐ ʺ‐ (for 8 ex.)
[Total]
17 ‐ ʺ‐
with 3534 participants
(14 shows)
Of the most serious performances it should be noted: in the village. Porechye‐Rybnoye Yaroslavl env. Rostov region (600 people against the closure of churches, local collaborators were beaten ‐ January 12).
In the Gorokhovetsky district of the Vladimir okr. (anti‐collective farm demonstration of women ‐ 300 people from 5 villages ‐ March 6).
Disruptions of meetings as a result of anti‐Soviet protests were recorded in 62 settlements, of which 54 were collectivization meetings. Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929
g.
October
36
1930
g.
January
12
November
thirty
February
49
December
8
14 days of
incomplete)
March
(data
thirteen
[Total:]
74
[Total:]
74
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
3
For months.
14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
3
injuries
2
injuries
five
beatings
7
beatings
fourteen
assassination attempts
nine
assassination attempts
12
haves, terror
53
haves, terror
40
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 13 leaflets and 3 anonymous letters.
February ‐ 7 leaflets and 1 anonymous letter.
Of these: rebel leaflets ‐ 5; leaflets against collectivization and dispossession‐11 and 2 anonymous letters.
Organized counter‐revolution
With a small, compared with other regions of the USSR, the number of mass demonstrations, an insignificant growth and aggravation of terror, characteristic of counterrevolutionary activities in the IPO, is the organization of numerous anti‐Soviet groups.
A characteristic feature in the activities of anti‐Soviet IPO groups is the use of the church as a political tribune (sermons, night mass confessions).
Counter‐revolutionary organizations
Kulak‐White Guard grouping in the Melenkovsky district of the Vladimir okr. Composition: former officers (7 people), landowners (2), participants in counter‐revolutionary uprisings (8 people), former merchants and other former people. The group set as its goal: undermining the measures of the Soviet government, preparing the peasantry for an armed uprising, based on economic difficulties. The members of the group had weapons, typography, paper. For two years the groups issued counter‐revolutionary appeals (liquidated, 1 shot, 10 people imprisoned in a concentration camp for a period of 10 to 5 years).
A group of former white officers and former large local owners in the Vladimir region, aiming to seize weapons and organize a demonstration. The groups previously had connections with a member of the Kuban Rada, Savitsky (shot in 1929), provided material support to the former white officers; at the meetings, questions of the uprising were discussed, responsibilities were distributed, points were outlined, etc. (8 organizers were shot).
A group of churchmen centered in the city of Yaroslavl, led by Archbishop Varlaam Ryashentsev, united the reactionary priests of the Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kineshemsky and Aleksandrovsky districts. Under the guise of an intra‐church struggle, organizing ʺsisterhoodʺ circles, the participants waged anti‐Soviet agitation (their slogans: ʺLoyal attitude to the Soviet regime is a betrayal of Orthodoxyʺ, ʺthe godless homeland for a Christian ceases to be a homelandʺ). The group distributed illegal documents, having connections with the exiled clergy, provoking the population to excesses (out of 35 people, 17 were arrested, imprisoned in a concentration camp; 16 were expelled).
Anti‐Soviet groups
A grouping of kulak youth in the Nekouz district of the Rybinsk okr. led counterrevolutionary agitation, disrupted Soviet events in the countryside. It had a code. The funds were created from voluntary and membership fees. Several robberies were planned. The group, during the continuous collectivization of the district, issued anti‐Soviet leaflets (34 leaflets were taken away during the liquidation, the participants ‐ 5 people ‐ were imprisoned in a concentration camp for periods of 3 to 5 years).
Operational activities
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 154 arrested for them: 1740
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 2619
A total of 4359 people were arrested.
Of them:
Kulakov 1559
Serednyakov 95
Traders 1132
Employees 21
Clergy 602
57 former white officers
Former Police Officers 141
Former officers 55
Handicrafts 96
There is no information about social status and political past for 601 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 150.9
‐ in zemsoviets 76.3
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 15.6
Seed cleaning 56.2
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 46.4
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 39.7
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 33.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 33.8
The percentage of socialization of the slave. livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 59.8
The number of socialized arable land in the region is 965.3 thousand hectares
Satisfactory collection of the seed fund in collective farms, less satisfactory rate of dumping of seeds in zemsto communities. Weak rate of seed cleaning, exchange of ordinary seeds for varietal seed and repair of tractors. An alarmingly low rate of contracting.
Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
In terms of the number of excesses and distortions, mainly in the form of forced collectivization, the Aleksandrovsky and Rybinsky districts stand out. The most widespread character were all sorts of perversions and excesses during collectivization and dispossession of kulaks in the following areas: Aleksandrovsky okr. (Gavrilovo‐Posad and Pereyaslavsky), Rybinsk env. (Mologsky, Nekouzsky, Vreytovsky), Yaroslavl env. (Yaroslavl, Pervomaisky, Ilyinsky), Kineshemsky env. (Puchensky district of continuous collectivization), Vladimirsky env. (Vyaznikovsky and others).
Leaving the collective farms
In January and February in the region, according to incomplete data, 5887 farms left the collective farms. Particularly wide dimensions are in the Aleksandrovsky Okr. (3404 farms) and Vladimir (1010 farms).
In the Pereyaslavsky district of complete collectivization, 1000 farms came out in 5 days, and in just 2 months ‐ 1523 farms. The same in the
Gavrilovo‐Posad region.
During the week, as of March 10, in Shuisky, Vladimirsky, Kostroma, Kineshemsky, Rybinsky districts, on the basis of socialization of cattle, the semfond and under the influence of kulak agitation, according to incomplete data, another 803 farms left the collective farms. In the Rybinsk env. 10 cases of entire villages leaving the collective farm were noted.
FAR EASTERN REGION
Mass performances
Digital data
1929 year
October
‐
‐
November
1 performance
with 200 participants
December
1
from 100
[Total]
2
from 300
1930 There is no information about mass demonstrations. In early March, an armed uprising took place in the Chita environs, on the border with Buryat‐Mongolia.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
24
1930 g.
January
21
November
29
February
fifteen
December
22
14 days of March
five
[Total:]
75
[Total:]
41
Types of terror
For 3
months.
1929 g.
murders
7
For
months.
14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
4
injuries
3
injuries
nine
beatings
eighteen
beatings
7
assassination attempts
23
assassination attempts
8
haves, terror
24
haves, terror
thirteen
The largest number of terrorist attacks falls on areas of complete collectivization.
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 4 leaflets, 1 anonymous letter.
February ‐ ‐
March — A large number of insurgent leaflets were distributed (no count).
Armed performance
In early March, in the Mukhorshibirsky region of Buryat‐Mongolia and the Miletinsky region (centered in the latter), the Chita environs. an armed uprising arose, covering a number of villages.
The speech is directed against total collectivization. Slogans: ʺFor bread, against hunger and communesʺ, ʺfor Soviet power without communists.ʺ
Personnel: mostly kulaks and bandit elements, part of the middle peasants and the poor, most of them mobilized by bandits by force of arms.
Losses: from the moment of the speech until March 5, band insurgents killed 22 communists and activists, including 3 teachers.
The main core of the rebels has been defeated. In the Vichura area, 300 active participants were seized. Some of the rebels headed deep into the Buryat‐Mongolian Republic, some ‐ into the hills.
In with. Mountain Springs of the Vladivostok environs. an armed group of kulaks (7 people) made an unsuccessful raid on local party members and activists. They hid in the hills.
Counter‐revolutionary manifestations in the DCK
Counterrevolutionary activity in the DCK mainly proceeds along the line of insurrectionary manifestations (intensification of insurgent agitation in the Chita, Sretensky and Vladivostok districts, distribution of insurgent leaflets in the Vladivostok okrug.) do not fully reflect the actual situation in terms of terror and distribution of leaflets due to the delay in reporting on them).
Active counter‐revolutionary manifestations in a significant number of cases originated from organized counter‐revolutionary groups. A characteristic feature of the DCK, distinguishing it from a number of other regions, is that the overwhelming majority of those arrested are members of counterrevolutionary organizations and groups. Loners make up less than 10% of all those arrested.
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 8 arrested on them: 224 Counterrevolutionary groups 31 arrested for them: 353
Counterrevolutionary singles arrested 62
In total, 739 people were arrested *
* Error in counting; should be 639.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 54.4
‐ in zemsoviets 78.4
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 0.1 (until February 20)
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one ‐
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 18
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 33.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 12.0
The percentage of socialization of small livestock to its presence on farms that have joined collective farms 56.2
Average number of farms per collective farm 58.1
The number of socialized arable land in the region is 311.9 thousand hectares
We have an alarmingly weak pace in almost all indicators of preparation for the spring sowing campaign. The rate of socialization of seeds and livestock on collective farms is especially unsatisfactory.
Littering of collective farms with kulak elements
In the Khabarovsk, Chita, Sretensky districts there is a very significant infestation of collective farms by kulak elements. Capturing leadership in them. In some places, all the kulaks were accepted into collective farms.
Flight of the kulaks
In Vladivostok, Amur and Chita districts ‐ a mass exodus of kulaks with their families to the taiga, to Buryat‐Mongolia (sometimes with weapons). The flight of significant groups of kulaks, priests, anti‐Soviet elements to China. Flight to China of Koreans (Vladivostok env.).
BASHKIRIA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 11, of which on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 3 performances.
For 2 months 14 days in 1930 ‐ 21, of which on the basis of collectivization, removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 17 performances.
1929 year
October
3 performances
November
2
December
6
[Total]
eleven
1930 year
January
11 performances
February
nine
March
1
[Total]
21
Affected cantons
The most serious performances took place: in the village. Atkulevo Kaimlykovskaya vol. Birsk canton ‐ disruption of the meeting, beating up a number of activists, kulaks and mullahs held power in their hands for 7 days; in the Talachevsky village council of the Uslin parish. The Sterlitamak canton, a crowd of 120 people with the slogans ʺDown with Soviet power and collective farms!ʺ worried until morning; in the village. In Kuydaly, Argayash canton, a crowd of women, led by kulaks, beat a member of the village council, threatened the entire village council and the teacher with reprisals; the entire staff of the village council and the teacher fled to the parish, there were attempts to deal with the arrived representatives of the VIC, who fled. The anarchy in the village lasted 3‐4 days.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
25
1930 g.
January
nine
November
22
February
17
December
6
14 days of March (data incomplete)
1
[Total:]
53
[Total:]
27
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
thirteen
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
3
injuries
3
injuries
2
beatings
fifteen
beatings
8
assassination attempts
ten
assassination attempts
five
haves, terror
12
haves, terror
nine
[Total:]
53
[Total:]
27
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
1930 g.
Total
Leaflets
Anonymous
January
1
‐
1
February
five
4
1
Of these, rebel ‐ 4, (on the basis of) collectivization ‐ 1
Organized counter‐revolution
The development of the activities of the national counter‐revolution basically boils down to the following: the rapid growth of counterrevolutionary agitation with the activation of the Mule elements, a sharp resistance to the ongoing measures for the reconstruction of agriculture, the growth of groups and organizations into insurgent ones, leadership of mass demonstrations in the countryside.
In their struggle, counter‐revolutionary groups used terror, malicious anti‐Soviet agitation, spreading provocative rumors, disrupting meetings, using the populationʹs religious prejudices to organize mass demonstrations, and inciting women to take action. Tactical methods of the struggle of counter‐revolutionary groups and individuals: organization, orientation to mass demonstrations, strict conspiracy ‐ organizing meetings under the pretext of religious gatherings, drinking, etc., striving to encompass and plant cells in a number of settlements with a single centralized leadership, provoking mass demonstrations, placing their leadership on the kulak and counterrevolutionary elements, participants in banditry in the past.
The most typical liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups are:
1. A counter‐revolutionary organization in the Zilair canton, consisting of Bashkirs; asset arrested 30 people, mainly from members of gang movements in the past. The organization has a pronounced insurrectionary character: in 1929 its members participated in bandattacks against the VIK and the militia in order to obtain weapons. The organization extended its influence on a number of villages, prepared the organization of mass banditry.
2. Counterrevolutionary group in Stepanovskaya parish. Ufa canton headed by a former landowner and a White Guard. The grouping systematically conducted anti‐Soviet activities to disrupt
collectivization. She spoke in an organized manner at meetings, trying to carry out decisions in favor of the kulaks, terrorized the poor and Soviet workers.
3. The kulak group in the village. Tarkazn Priyutovsky parish Belebeevsky canton, after the decision of the general meeting to organize a collective farm in the village, convened
on the street a meeting at which she spoke out against the organized collective farm. As a result, the peasants began to leave the collective farm.
4. The kulak group in the village. Narastau Kirghiz‐Miyakinskaya vol. Belebeevsky canton, under the leadership of the muezzin, having persuaded a number of peasants present at the general meeting, together with them, opposed the organization of the collective farm, while trying to beat the presidium of the meeting. As a result, collectivization measures in the countryside were disrupted.
5. The kulak group in the village. Kunashak of the same volost of Argayash canton at his illegal meetings discusses methods of struggle against total collectivization, resorts to intimidation of the poor and farm laborers: ʺIf you organize in collective farms, white people will come, and then you will die.ʺ
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated: Counter‐revolutionary organizations 3 arrested for them: 80
Counter‐revolutionary groups 175 arrested for them: 1073
Counter‐revolutionary singles arrested 393
A total of 1,546 people were arrested.
Of them:
Kulakov 453
Serednyakov 3
Poor and farm laborers 5
Clergy 40
Former landlords 1
Former White Officers 1
There is no information about the social status and political past of 1043 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan
‐ on collective farms 51.4
‐ in zemsovtsy 143.5
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 63.4
Seed cleaning 67.1
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 15
Seed treatment 0.1
Repair of tractors 41.4
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 81.2
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 58.5
The percentage of socialization of small livestock to its presence on farms that joined collective farms 98.1
Average number of farms per collective farm 168.1
The number of socialized arable land in the republic is 3087.5 thousand hectares
Kinks and distortions during collectivization and dispossession
In a number of regions, there is a significant tendency to replace mass explanatory work with methods of command and administration. The excesses and distortions noted everywhere in the course of collectivization and dispossession are basically reduced to: bringing the middle peasants and poor peasants under the category of dispossessed people, often on the basis of personal accounts; dispossession of families of Red Army men and commanders of the Red Army and mass arrests without sufficient grounds; bullying in relation to dispossessed people and members of their families; to the compulsion to join collective farms; to the exclusion of middle peasants, poor peasants and laborers from collective farms. According to the count, from January 15 to March 1, with a sample of the most gross perversions and excesses in the course of collectivization and dispossession, 79 settlements were registered in Bashkiria, severely affected. The most severe excesses took place in the Ufa (24 settlements), Birsk (19 settlements) and Mesyagutovsky (13 settlements) cantons. It should be noted that the figure 79 refers to settlements where perversions and excesses are of the crudest forms.
In some places, individual grassroots Soviet workers help the kulaks hide their property, obtain fictitious documents and hide from the villages (Ufa, Argayash, Mesyagutov cantons).
Mass exits from collective farms
In a number of districts, under the influence of kulak agitation, aggravated by the lack of reinforcement work in organized collective farms and excesses, mass exits from the collective farms are noted. The Ufa canton is most impressed by this phenomenon. Contamination of the collective farm leadership, drunkenness and the connection of collective farm leaders with the kulak‐anti‐Soviet element significantly contribute to the urge to quit the collective farms.
Church activity
Active anti‐Soviet and anti‐kolkhoz agitation is carried out by churchmen, who call on believers in churches to refuse to join kolkhozes, while playing on their religious feelings. As a result, breakdowns in the organization of new collective farms and exits from existing ones (Belebeyevsky, Argayashsky cantons) were noted.
TATARIA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 34 performances, of which 15 on the basis of collectivization and the removal of an anti‐Soviet element.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 55 performances; on the basis of collectivization, removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession ‐ 41.
1929 year
October
5 performances
November
6
December
23
[Total]
34
1930 year
January
28 performances
February
27
March
no information has been received
[Total]
55
Affected areas
The most serious protests took place in a number of villages of Mamadyshskaya, Omarskaya, Usalinskaya and Vakhitovskaya volosts of the Mamadyshskiy canton, accompanied by stubborn resistance of the speakers and resulting in the disruption and dispersal of collective farm meetings, womenʹs gatherings, the destruction of the houses of activists, beatings and attempts at reprisals against representatives of Soviet public organizations. The speeches took place under anticollective farm slogans, protesting against the socialization of agricultural materials, agricultural implements, draft animals, and the seizure of kulak property. There were demands to open closed mosques and return mullahs due to excesses.
In four Tatar villages of Kulle‐Kiminskaya vol. The Arsk canton, speeches were accompanied by disruptions of meetings, refusal to socialize seeds and livestock, demands to liquidate the collective farm, and threats of reprisals if the initiators of the protests were removed. The unrest spread to the neighboring village. Uli of the same volost.
In the village. N.‐Chakala Gorodishchensky parish. A crowd of 800 people in Buino canton tried to disarm the workers who were removing the anti‐Soviet element, and achieved the release from the arrest of the mullah.
Terror
1929 g.
October
46
1930 g.
January
26
November
29
February
20
December
26
14 days of March (data incomplete)
2
[Total:]
101
[Total:]
48
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
five
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
1
injuries
4
injuries
3
beatings
36
beatings
23
assassination attempts
29
assassination attempts
6
haves, terror
27
haves, terror
fifteen
[Total:]
101
[Total:]
48
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
1930 g.
Total
Leaflets
Anonymous
January
nine
2
7
February
23
nine
fourteen
Of these: insurgents ‐ 1, collectivization ‐ 24 *.
* So, in the text.
Organized counter‐revolution
The main points in the development of the national counter‐revolution should include: the growth of counterrevolutionary kulak activity with a significant intensification of the activity of the Mulsko‐Ishan elements, vigorous opposition of the kulak‐Mulsko‐anti‐Soviet elements to collectivization and sowing campaigns, the growth of rebel tendencies, provoking and leading mass demonstrations.
Of the most characteristic counter‐revolutionary groups, the following should be pointed out:
1. In February, 23 kulak‐anti‐Soviet groups were liquidated in the Mamadysh canton, aiming at countering and disrupting the ongoing events, terrorizing the agricultural sector, inciting religious fanaticism of the masses (spreading provocative rumors about the persecution of religion) and preparing for mass armed uprisings. The groupings convened meetings illegally, established contacts with groups of neighboring villages, volosts, and even cities. The clergy took an active part in the groupings.
2. Kulak group with. Kudash of the Arsk canton, headed by a mullah and two kulaks. Members of the group tried to establish contact with a number of other villages to provoke mass demonstrations, terrorized local collaborators, and destroyed the school (which was located in the building of the former mosque).
3. Kulak‐Ishan grouping in the village. N.‐Chakala Buinsk canton, which has influence on a number of villages in adjacent areas. The group vigorously opposed grain procurement, collectivization and anti‐religious propaganda by disrupting meetings, provoking mass protests and terrorizing village activists, and was associated with the Sultan‐Galievites.
4. Counter‐revolutionary group in the village. Tulabaevo, headed by a mullah, terrorized a communist activist and distributed counterrevolutionary leaflets and anonymous letters.
5. A similar grouping in the village. Canisar. In the Bugulma canton, one organization consisting of the Socialist‐Revolutionaries, at a meeting, cut out newspapers and articles criticizing the shortcomings of the work of the Soviet organs, and used them as material for antiSoviet agitation.
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In the region on March 13, liquidated:
Counter‐revolutionary organizations 2 arrested on them: 23
Counter‐revolutionary groups 166 arrested for them: 1732
Counter‐revolutionary singles arrested 634
In total, 2399 * people were arrested.
* Error in counting; should be 2389.
Kulakov 10
Wealthy 16
Serednyakov 6
Traders 9
Clergy 5
Former landlords 1
Others 6
There is no information about the social status and political past of 2346 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan:
‐ on collective farms 98.8
‐ in zemsovtsy 75.9
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 54.1
Seed cleaning 70.9
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal one 61.4
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 54.2
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivization of farms 77.3
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 65.3
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 84.2
Average number of farms per collective farm 118.2
In some areas, the pace of preparation for the spring sowing campaign lags behind the established dates. A number of shortcomings are noted in the work of the leading organizations (Tatnarkomzem, Polevodsoyuz, Selkhozbank, Kolkhozsoyuz). The development and distribution of plans to the field is progressing slowly. In places, the plan has not been brought to the village and the collective farm (Mamadyshsky, Laishevsky, Arsky cantons). Disagreement in the work of individual governing bodies and agricultural cooperatives negatively affects the course of preparation for spring sowing. The indicators on the progress of contracting, cleaning and dressing of seeds and repair of tractors are unsatisfactory. The slow rate of seed sorting is partly due to the lack of grain cleaning transports. However, in areas where there are grain‐cleaning carts, there were facts of downtime due to the indiscriminate nature of the VIKs and village councils. The attention of the general population around the issues of sorting and cleaning seeds is poorly mobilized. The unacceptable careless storage of socialized machines is noted, which lie unattended, rust, and valuable parts are plundered.
Of the abnormalities in the process of collectivization, the following should be pointed out: the leading organizations often do not keep up with the pace of collectivization; the organizational development of the newly created collective farms is progressing slowly; poorly delivered agronomic assistance; there is no comprehensive explanatory work on the organization of labor on collective farms, the distribution of products and the essence of socialization of the means of production.
Despite the cleaning, a number of collective farms continue to be significantly littered with a socially alien element (Kazan, Agryz districts, Menzelinsky canton).
As a result of the dominance of the kulak element on the collective farms, there are categorical refusals of collective farmers to socialize their livestock, sabotage and disruption of work on preparation for sowing (collective farms), and malicious destruction of collective farm property and implements. Slaughter and sale of livestock also take place on the part of collective farm leaders.
Kinks and curvatures
In the course of work on collectivization, preparation of sowing campaigns and dispossession of kulaks, numerous facts of gross excesses and distortion of the class line were recorded. Mass explanatory work was replaced by methods of bare administration and command. There have been registered cases of bringing middle peasants and poor peasants to dispossession for unwillingness to join a collective farm (Arsk, Agryz, Menzelinsk), for criticism of the work of village councils, eviction of workers with small farms in the village, expropriation of middle peasants, individual poor peasants and families of the Red Army (Buinsky canton). In some cases, the question of joining a collective farm is posed as subordination or disobedience to the orders of the Soviet government, and the vote was made only ʺwho is againstʺ (Spassky canton). The following formulations of the question of the desire to join a collective farm deserve attention: ʺWhoever is for the Red Army and Soviet power, he is for the collective farm ‐ raise your hands.ʺ Typical in such cases are the following answers: ʺWe will die for Soviet power, but we will not go to the collective farm.ʺ
In total, excesses covered 164 settlements, of which 20 in the Menzelinsky canton, 19 in Mamadyshsky and Spassky, 18 Chistopolsky and 16 in Buinsky.
As a result of the excesses and the activity of kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements, a number of facts of the collapse of collective farms and mass exits from them (Kazan and other districts) are recorded. Communication of local workers with the kulaks
In some villages, the village councils have become so firmly intertwined with the kulak top of the village that they are the direct conductors of the kulak influence on the masses of the population.
1. In the village. Koksaevka, Spassky canton, the plenum of the village council categorically refused to carry out work on collectivization. In a number of cases, individual members of the village council conduct active anti‐Soviet agitation, spread provocative rumors, organize through their wives the disruption of collectivization meetings, actively participate in kulak groups, persecute local activists at the instigation of kulaks (Spassky, Chalinsky, Bagulminsky cantons).
Cases have been registered when village soviets, before dispossession of kulaks, restore the kulaks in the electoral councils and issue them fictitious certificates of their social status (Mamadysh canton). As a result, the kulaks promptly liquidate their farms and hide in the cities with these documents.
CRIMEA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 2 performances, of which 1 on the basis of collectivization and the removal of an anti‐Soviet element.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 20 performances; on the basis of collectivization, the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession ‐ 13.
1929 year
October
‐
November
‐
December
2 performances
[Total]
2
1930 year
January
6 performances
February
eleven
March
3
[Total]
20
Affected areas
The most serious protests took place: in the Sevastopol region, three Tatar villages were embraced by demonstrations, demands were made to release the arrested kulaks and to cancel the decree on the eviction of kulaks due to excesses; performance in the village. Zolotaya Balka against socialization of dairy cattle.
The largest number of mass demonstrations in 1930 was registered in the Sevastopol and Simferopol regions (5 in each).
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
4
1930 g.
January
6
November
2
February
thirteen
December
7
14 days of March
6
[Total:]
thirteen
[Total:]
25
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
‐
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
2
injuries
‐
injuries
1
beatings
7
beatings
8
assassination attempts
2
assassination attempts
6
haves, terror
4
haves, terror
8
[Total:]
thirteen
[Total:]
25
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 3
February ‐ 7
Of these: rebel ‐ 4, [on the basis of] collectivization ‐ 4.
Organized counter‐revolution
The main points in the development of the national counter‐revolution in Crimea are as follows: the growth of counter‐revolutionary kulakMula activity, the activation of White Guard and Bai elements, the growth of groups into counterrevolutionary organizations, and the transition in some cases to insurrectionary actions.
Of the tactical techniques and methods of struggle of counterrevolutionary organizations and groups, noteworthy are: the orientation towards mass, the desire to reach a number of settlements with its influence under a centralized leadership, attempts to concentrate weapons and ammunition and attempts to contact the Zakordon, the organization of mass exits to the taiga in order to form bandit detachments, provoking and leading mass demonstrations, agitation for emigration to Turkey.
The following liquidated organizations are most typical.
Counter‐revolutionary organization ʺInsurgentsʺ. The organization set itself the goal of disrupting collective farm development, the leadership consisted mainly of kulaks. The organization managed to involve middle and even poor elements in its work and covered a number of villages on the southern coast of Crimea with its activities. At illegal meetings, decisions were made on the commission of terrorist attacks on co‐workers and the preparation of a mass exodus of the population to the forest. At one of the last meetings held in the mosque, it was decided to put a box in the mosque for complaints addressed to the Crimean Central Executive Committee and to achieve a mass protest against collectivization.
After opening the box, 194 statements were found in it, signed by the poor and middle peasants, demanding the abolition of land reform and collectivization. At the same time, the members of the organization conducted intensive campaigning for emigration to Turkey.
During the operation to remove the leaders of the organization, a crowd of 400 people threw stones at those conducting the operation, trying to disarm them, as a result of which the operation was not carried out until the arrival of reinforcements.
The leaders of the organization, hiding in the mountains, while disarming them at the beginning of March. showed armed resistance
(250 people were arrested in the case).
The counter‐revolutionary organization Voznesentsy set itself the goal of an armed uprising against Soviet power and communication with the Crimean Tatar emigration.
Withdrawal of kulak‐whiteguard and bandit elements
In Crimea on March 13, liquidated: Counterrevolutionary organizations 1 arrested for them: 250 Counterrevolutionary groups 48 arrested on them: 169
Counter‐revolutionary singles arrested 741
Total arrested ‐ 1160
[Of them:]
Kulakov 130
Wealthy 7
Serednyakov 59
The poor and the laborers 51
Employees 3
There is no information about the social status and political past of 910 people.
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan
‐ on collective farms 71.8
‐ in zemsotios 86.9
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 92.2
Seed cleaning 72.3
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 70.9
Seed treatment 0.2
Repair of tractors 114.9
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivized farms 75.5
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 66.9
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that joined collective farms 88.6
Average number of farms per collective farm 64.6
The number of communities. standing arable land 540.8 ha
Shortcomings, excesses and distortions in the process of collectivization and dispossession
In a number of places, dispossession measures were carried out exclusively through the grassroots Soviet apparatus, without the involvement of the poor and middle peasants, by methods of naked administration.
Excesses and distortions in the process of dispossession and collectivization are reduced mainly to cases: the confiscation of property without exception from all the disenfranchised, including the middle peasants (the villages of Chegun, Shuli, Kuchuk‐Muskhaliya, etc.), the inventory of property of some middle peasants (Evpatoria, Dzhankoy districts ‐ a number of villages), subdivision into the category of dispossessed middle peasants (in places for selfjustification, the middle peasants, who were slated for dispossession, were hastily deprived of their electoral rights ‐ Simferopol district), compulsory enrollment in collective farms, etc. Especially a lot of kinks and curvatures are noted during the sowing campaign.
By their actions, the commissioners for the sowing campaign are reviving the poor and middle peasants against the ongoing activities in the countryside. At night, general searches are carried out in the villages, arrests of the poor and middle peasants without any reason, inventory of the property of the middle peasants for failure to meet the control figures, completely disregarding their lack of grain, etc.
Of the 73 points covered by the bends, the brightest were in Sevastopol, Simferopol, Yalta and Evpatoria districts.
The lack of mass work and the observed excesses and distortions in a number of districts cause a negative attitude of some of the poor and middle peasants to the measures taken. In Tatar villages, where the influence of religion and Muslims is still strong, there have been cases of adoption by the poor and collective farmers of resolutions on the restoration of voting rights to representatives of the Muslim community, leaving them in the village and admitting them to collective farms (Bakhchisarai District). Some facts of sympathy for the evicted are noteworthy.
In the village. At the time of the eviction of the kulaks from the villages near the village council, a crowd of 600 people gathered near the village council, who saw off the arrested with crying and shouting.
Counteraction to Muslims
In a number of cases, the kulaks resort to the help of the Muslim clergy, which still retained a significant influence on the backward masses of the Tatar countryside.
Characteristic is the fact that the mullah held an illegal meeting in the mosque with the appropriate treatment of the poor and middle peasants present against the campaigns.
In the village. Demarji in the mosque before the prayer, the mullah addressed the worshipers with a statement: “Today is our last day, everything that was, was taken away from us. The mosque will be closed. If you want me to stay, you have to work hard to have my property returned. ʺ Immediately one of the middle peasants opened a meeting, at which delegates were selected to collect signatures for the return of property to the mullahs and their restoration in rights. The selected delegates went to another mosque, where they also offered to select delegates for the same purpose. All the delegates came to the village council and informed the chairman of the village council and the collective farm board of the order they had received, threatening the collective farmers with absenteeism otherwise.
Nationalist agitation
In a number of cases, kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements resort to nationalist agitation, trying to portray the measures of the Soviet government in the countryside in the eyes of the poor and middle peasant masses as a persecution of the Tatars and accompanying it with calls for active action.
In Alushta, Yalta region, during the eviction of the kulaks, a crowd led by a prominent nationalist gathered to see them off. The latter, addressing the crowd, shouted: “What are you looking at, beat the policemen, take away their rifles, free those arrested! If they were Russians, they would have done so long ago. Donʹt you see that our Tatars are being persecuted like rams. ʺ
Emigration sentiments
Among the Estonian, Greek, German population of the Crimea, there is an increase in the emigration movement, emanating mainly from the kulak‐wealthy elite. The strongest desire for emigration is noted among the Germans. In connection with the growth of emigration sentiments, a number of German villages categorically refused to prepare a sowing campaign for reasons of leaving for America in the spring (Evpatoria, Dzhankoy and Simferopol districts).
NATIONAL AREAS
CCM
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929, 22 mass demonstrations were recorded, of which 3 were motivated by collectivization and the withdrawal of an anti‐Soviet element (Karachay ‐ 2, Kabardino‐Balkar region ‐ 1).
For 2 months and 14 days in 1930, 30 mass demonstrations were recorded, of which 23 were motivated by collectivization and the seizure of the anti‐Soviet element (Karachay — 5, Kabardino‐Balkar Region — 5, Chechnya — 6, Adyge‐Cherkessia — 7).
Areas
1929 year
1930 year
X
X
I
XII
Tota
l
Usta‐ Credite
d.
Numbe r of student
s
I
II
II
I
Tota
l
Usta‐ Credite
d.
Numbe r of student
s
Karacha
y
1
‐
2
3
3
510
3
2
1
6
4
280
Ingushet
ia
‐
‐
1
1
1
200
1
‐
‐
1
1
300
Cab. ‐
Balkar.
2
4
2
8
8
1035
1
4
‐
five
4
355
Chechny
a
1
3
five
nine
3
320
4
3
2
nine
7
1060
Adyge‐
Cherk.
‐
‐
I
1
1
40
2
7
‐
nine
nine
1575
Total:
4
7
eleve n
22 *
sixteen
2105
eleve n
sixtee n
3
thirt y
25
3570
* Error in counting; correct 23.
Terror
Areas
1929 year
1930 year
X
XI
XII
Total
I
II
III
Total
Karachay
‐
1
‐
1
4
2
‐
6
Ingushetia
2
five
ten
17
1
2
‐
3
Cab. ‐Balkar.
1
1
‐
2
‐
‐
‐
‐
Chechnya
2
8
3
thirteen
8
20
‐
28
Ossetia
3
6
4
12
1
‐
‐
2
Adyge‐Cherk.
1
2
‐
3
‐
‐
‐
‐
Total:
nine
22
17
48
fourteen
24
‐
38 **
** Error in counting; correct 39.
Types of terror
1929 year
Areas
Kills
Injured
Beatings
Assassination attempts
Haves, terror
Total
Karachay
‐
‐
‐
1
‐
1
Ingushetia
2
2
‐
4
nine
17
Cab. ‐Ball Kar.
1
‐
‐
‐
1
2
Chechnya
2
3
1
4
3
thirteen
Ossetia
2
‐
3
five
2
12
Adyge‐
Cherkess.
‐
‐
1
‐
2
3
Total:
7
five
five
fourteen
17
48
1930 year
Areas
Kills
Injured
Beatings
Assassination attempts
Haves, terror
Total
Karachay
2
1
‐
2
1
6
Ingushetia
3
‐
‐
‐
‐
3
Cab. ‐Balkar.
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Chechnya
3
4
4
ten
7
28
Ossetia
‐
‐
‐
1
‐
1
Adyge‐
Cherkess.
‐
‐
1
‐
‐
‐
Total:
8
five
five
thirteen
8
38
CHECHEN REGION
Highlights in the political state of the region
Despite a hard blow to the active counter‐revolutionary base during the Chekist‐military operation in December, the kulaks as a whole, regarding the defeat as temporary, in fact with even greater force than before the events, returned to insurrectionary agitation and propaganda.
Thanks to this, despite the extremely weak efforts of local organizations to counter the kulak‐anti‐Soviet activities with mass explanatory work, the general state of affairs in the region continues to remain tense.
Along with this, the central figures of the counter‐revolutionary bloc in Chechnya ‐ bandit, sectarian and kulak authorities, ideologues and organizers ‐ both those of them who escaped the blow during the operation, and those who reappeared in the arena of counterrevolutionary activity, closely linked with each other, defined a new tactics and strategy in their activities, focusing mainly on the slogan ʺstruggle for the massesʺ, for the organized involvement of the latter in the adventure.
The vigorous activity of the kulaks and their ideologues basically boils down to the following:
1. Systematic, broad, prudent and skillful insurgency campaign; stubborn assertion that there will be a general uprising in the spring; spreading rumors about uprisings in Ingushetia, Kabarda, in the Russian districts, prophecy and prediction of uprisings in the spring ‐ by the clergy; incitement to Russophobic (“Russians take bread, rob, rape, close mosques, arrest and shoot”) and hence the [growth of] chauvinistic sentiments; direct calls to defend religion and fight the Soviet regime; the widest provocation around collectivization and other events in the village; threats of reprisals against all joining collective farms; rumors about the appearance of ʺimams‐
liberatorsʺ; rumors about the concentration of rebel detachments in the mountains around Shita Istamulov with his strong weapons, about his successes in the skirmish with the troops and the GPU; agitation for unification with the Cossacks in the struggle against Soviet power, for the end of enmity with them; rumors about incoming aid from abroad and the impending campaign of coalitions of foreign powers against the Soviet Union; commemoration for the executed bandits with calls for revenge; slogans of ʺghazavatʺ: ʺAll under the banner of Shariaʺ, ʺwhoever is killed will be in paradiseʺ; processing non‐partisan youth, agitation among the latter for joining gangs, calling them to heroism, etc.
2. A stake on a sectarian institution, in particular, on the reactionary sect of Ali Mitaev and, more recently, on the sects of Chimmirza and Tashu Khadzhi (it is important to note that all these organizations have the bulk of their followers in one region ‐ Shalinsky, Gudermes, Vedensky districts); the calculations to use the already organized mass of murids of the named sects, welded together by fanaticism and almost unquestioning submission to their sheikhs; incitement of religious fanaticism among the latter, provocation around the anti‐religious
measures of the Soviet regime, the preaching of ʺghazavatʺ.
As a fact, significant in this case, there is noted the reconciliation of the leaders of the Alimitaev sect, who were previously at odds with each other ‐ Sheikhs Durdiev and Khatu Khadzhiev (each of them headed his own part of the sect).
3. Deactivation of banditry, the political nature of its operations, unfolding under the slogan ʺRobbery and violence should be opposed by robbery of cooperatives, raids on the railroad, destruction of workers in charge and Soviet assets in the aul.ʺ
From January 1 to February 20, the robbery of 8 cooperatives was registered in Chechnya. In addition, there have been 2 failed raids on cooperatives. One train crash was arranged and, in addition, 4 cases of attempted assassination of the railway were registered (laying sleepers, dismantling the track).
The characteristic features of the operating bandit groups (according to the registration of the Chechen department of the OGPU 10 groups of non‐permanent composition): their unification under the unified leadership of Shita Istamulov; actions in small, scattered groups; the same system of concealment, clashes with the population, seeking, on the contrary, their help and assistance through promises, in particular, to share the stolen manufactory, are strictly avoided. All of this is also designed to have a definite impact on the masses, to give the gangs the character of insurgent detachments fighting for the ʺpeople.ʺ
The organizing and directing center of anti‐Soviet forces in Chechnya at the moment is the following group of people, whose names and activities are widely known not only within Chechnya, but also in the regions neighboring with the latter.
1. Istamulov Shita, former Minister of War of the North Caucasian Emir in 1919, one of the leaders of the Tsentoroevsky tribe in Chechnya, organizer of the performance in Shali in December 1929.
2. Bakhoev Ganuko Mulla ‐ one of the leaders of the Alimitaev sect and the elders of the Tsentoroevsky tribe, a well‐known ideologist of the reactionary part of the Muslim community, one of the leaders of the uprising in Chechnya in 1920, the inspirer of a speech in Benoi in
December 1929.
3. Sheikh Khatukhadzhiev Shahmirza ‐ one of the leaders of the Alimitaev sect, the inspirer of rebel adventures, has been hiding since the Shali speech.
4. Sheikh Durdiev ‐ a former toastmaster (leader of a group of followers of the sect in one village) of the Alimitaevites in the village. Avtury; after the arrest and execution of Ali Mitaev (1924‐25) ‐ the actual leader of the part of the Alimitaev sect that joined him.
In addition, there are a number of minor figures from among the representatives of the leaders of criminal and domestic banditry, Muslim clergy, sectarianism and kulaks. The base of this organization is the Shalinsky, Vedensky, Gudermes and Nozhai‐Yurtovsky districts ‐ the area of the Alimitaev sect and the Tsentoroevsky tribe.
Specifically, the activities of this organization, in addition to what has been said above, find its expression in the gathering around Istamulov and the ringleaders of banditry (Geyerbeks, Magomedov, Ibla Ibriev, etc.) of the entire bandit, on the road of members of the organization in the zone of their influence in order to recruit new members of it, seeking a connection with the Terek, Kizlyar and Sunzha Cossack counterrevolutionary elements, also with Dagestan, Ingushetia and Georgia.
The situation in the Sunzha Cossack okr. in connection with the extremely high intensity of counter‐revolutionary sentiments of the kulaks. Specifically, this finds its expression in the cases of kulaks leaving for mixed Chechen‐Ingush gangs, in open anti‐Soviet and rebel agitation on his part.
The situation in the mountainous regions of Chechnya, where the flat kulaks are now accumulating, appears to be especially serious and unfavorable. Operational measures of the OGPU Chechot Department after the December events were expressed in the successful elimination of Benoev gangs and groups in the Nadterechny and Sunzha districts. Intensive intelligence‐operative work is being carried out on Alimitaevʹs organization and operating gangs.
In the Galanchozh district, the situation is currently depicted in the following form: there is a large influx of the kulak‐mulsky element who fled from the plane and significant cadres of bandits who fled from Ingushetia. Some counter‐revolutionary elements from Ossetia and
Georgia also flock here.
The kulaks are shifting to more open forms of anti‐Soviet activity.
The propaganda brigade of 9 national workers that arrived in the Galanchozh district was openly persecuted by the kulaks and managed to get out of the district only with the assistance of a group of poor people and relatives.
In the village of Kiy Itum‐Kalinsky env. kulaks disrupted the meeting 5 times, attacked the district representative with daggers, and forced the local teacher‐activist to flee from the village.
The provocative rumors that are spreading throughout the region are accompanied by an increase in rebel agitation. Noteworthy are rumors spread by the clergy about the imminent appearance of an ʺImamʺ who is supposed to ʺfree Muslims from Soviet power and collectivization.ʺ Various sects are also becoming more active, in particular the sect of Ali Mitaev.
The activity of the kulak‐mule elements took on an especially wide scale on the days and at the end of Uraza.
By the end of Uraza in the mosque with. The mullah and the bandit ringleader (both Ingush) with open anti‐Soviet agitation, with a call for an organized uprising against the Russians, acted as Yalhora in the presence of a large crowd of the population. As a result, the audience took the oath ʺLive Russians do not surrender, fight to the last drop of bloodʺ (the mullah and the bandit spoke to the audience that allegedly Russian troops were arriving in Chechnya and Ingushetia ʺto destroy the mullahs and all Muslimsʺ), The assembled armed themselves and set up ambushes around the village.
The provoked Yalkhoroevites sent messengers to neighboring villages with an appeal to join ʺto fight the Russians.ʺ As a result, 6 neighboring villages, including Galanchozh, took the oath simultaneously with Yalkhoroi. In all the villages that took the oath, the village councils were disbanded, and the gang leaders were in charge of the social life.
The main leading cadre of the movement consists of 100 people, wellarmed. The speakers send walkers to neighboring villages with an appeal to join them. In particular, there was an attempt to involve the population of the village Zumsoy in the performance. The Zumsoevites categorically refused, referring to the ʺlessons of performance under Gotsinsky.ʺ
The increased activity of the kulaks leads to the emergence of kulakanti‐Soviet groups, conducting systematic insurrectionary agitation and disrupting the activities carried out in the aul.
The kulak‐bandit group operating in the village of Zumsoy calls on the population to fight the troops, which ʺmust arrive in the mountains to destroy religion, shoot mullahs and disenfranchisedʺ; the population is alarmed by agitation and rumors.
In the Shatoevsky env. a group of kulaks and bandits has been identified, members of the group acquire weapons, hold meetings, and conduct recruiting work in neighboring farms.
(Task forces were sent to the affected regions of Chechnya to seize the kulak‐bandit asset. At the same time, measures were taken to strengthen mass political work).
KABARDINO‐BALKAR REGION
Highlights in the political state of the region
The activity of the Kabardian kulaks, despite the lessons of the defeat of active protests (Baksan, Kurp) due to greater pressure on them than in other areas, due to the faster pace of collectivization and reconstruction of agriculture in Kabarda against the background of the Chechen events, went along the line of strengthening the preparation of new insurgents speeches and resulted in the creation of new counterrevolutionary organizations and groups.
In the second half of January in the village. Upper Akbash of the MaloKabardinsky environs. liquidated counter‐revolutionary organization, trying to unite the anti‐Soviet element of neighboring villages. A characteristic feature of the organization is its ties with the Transcaucasus. The organization was led by a representative of Baktop in Kabarda, a certain Kudaev Shamil. The organizationʹs goal was to blow up railway bridges in its area, thereby creating panic, hindering the approach of troops, contacting neighbors and raising an uprising. 16 people were arrested in the case. Kudaev managed to escape. Members of the organization found 4 rifles, several revolvers and 50 pieces. cartridges.
At the same time, the counter‐revolutionary group in the village was liquidated. Lesken of the Urvan environs the group relied on its influence to cover the entire district, contacted the Balkarian bandit element, looked for connections with Ingushetia and Ossetia and planned the destruction of the railway bridge and the raid on Nalchik. There is evidence that the former chairman of the Okrug Executive Committee Shevlokov, who was recently fired and expelled from the party for gross distortion of the party line, is close to the group. 14 people were arrested in the case.
Along with this, until very recently, the Kabardian kulaks did not cease to flood the region with provocative rumors about the spring uprising and the unfavorable internal and international situation of the Soviet Union, in every possible way proving the imminent end of Soviet power, provoking mass demonstrations on the basis of collectivization and sowing measures, building frenzied resistance along the entire line our events in Kabarda.
Against the background of the growth of this kulak activity, the situation in Kabarda from the first days of February became, especially tense. The mass seizure and eviction of the kulaks in the neighboring Terek okr., Which spontaneously began to unfold mass dispossession within the region, pressure on the kulak to collect seed funds especially exacerbated the activity of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet element and forced him to quickly organize his forces for resistance. The kulaks and the actual anti‐Soviet element in the person of white bandits, mullahs, former whites, etc., dragging a part of the poor and middle peasants along with them, began to flee en masse to the forests and mountains, grouping themselves in inaccessible points into small and large gangs, whose actions began to unfold from the evening of February 13, starting with the raid on the villages. V. Kurkuzhin Nagorny okr., Attempts to occupy the village the next day. Gundelen, a series of robberies,
Initially, small bandit groups quickly grew at the expense of the kulakbandit element of the region that joined them and increased their number to several hundred people. Actions of gangs, their slogan
ʺFight for Sharia is a holy war for Russians.ʺ
The movement mainly covered the western part of Kabarda, Nagorny, Baksan districts and part of Balkaria. The movement as a whole covered other districts, the counter‐revolutionary and kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements of which were leaving the villages in groups and joining the rebels.
The mood of the bulk of the population of the Kabardian aul ‐ the poor and middle peasants ‐ is generally stable. The insurrectionary actions of the kulak in most auls are sharply condemned and his Sharia slogans do not find a response. At the same time, the unfolding movement, threats to the collective farmers weigh heavily on the aul, giving rise to anxious, in places panic moods among the poor and middle peasants.
The strongest negative sentiments are recorded in the areas where gangs operate. With the appearance of gangs in the Nagorno‐Baksan env. in some auls the delivery of the semfond and the fulfillment of other obligations by all strata of the aul have ceased. In areas not affected by banditry, with the general positive mood of the majority of the main masses, anxious moods increase in connection with the widespread provocative rumors. In some cases, the spread of provocations comes from the local workers themselves.
In the village of S. Cherek, local workers spread the rumor that a list of 27 kulaks to be shot has been drawn up. The rumor caused panic among the population. Some are preparing to leave for the forest.
In connection with rumors of reprisals, facts of leaving the gang are registered. In with. Psyngansu joined the gang of 14 people.
KARACHAY
Activity of kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements
The general revival of the activities of the kulak‐bandit elements created some tension in the moods of the bulk of the aul. Under the influence of kulak agitation, an increase in anti‐collective farm sentiments is observed, which is also facilitated by a strong weakening of leadership on the part of the workersʹ brigades. Allowed excesses create fertile soil for successful kulak agitation and for provoking mass anti‐collective farm actions.
In with. Kamennomostsky, almost the entire village gathered for prayer in the mosque. The brigade decided to use the gathering to hold a collectivization meeting. When the messenger announced this in the mosque, the crowd, provoked by anti‐Soviet elements, dispersed, armed themselves with sticks and stones (women ‐ knives and scissors) and gathered at the village council. Shouts of “Down with the collective farms! Donʹt let us pray” (the speech was terminated after lengthy explanations).
The growing activity of the Muslim clergy is manifested, in particular, in the widespread predictions of the ʺcoming of the Imamʺ, as a result of which unusually crowded prayers in mosques have recently been observed.
CHERKESIA
Highlights during planting and collectivization
The ongoing collectivization and sowing campaigns are accompanied by a number of distortions and excesses on the part of the workers of the village council. Despite the fact that 12 out of 32 chairmen of the village councils of Circassia were reprimanded, and 7 were fired and replaced, the number of gross distortions and excesses continues to grow. In a number of auls, when collecting seed and fodder funds, local workers threaten the poor and middle peasants with arrest. In some auls, gross mockery of fists is allowed.
In the village of Kizyl‐Kodai, a party attached to him arbitrarily arrested one fist, held him for two days in a cold room, then put 6 slaughtered chickens around his neck and pinned a paper on his hat with the inscription: “I am a fist, I killed 6 of my chickens, I am an enemy of Soviet power ʺ. In this form, under the protection of agricultural executors, the kulak was sent to the stts. Batalpashinskaya in the administrative department.
The kulak‐anti‐Soviet element, successfully using distortions and excesses, is leading an intensified insurgent campaign. In all the auls, there is mass talk about the preparation of uprisings, about the major successes of the bandit movement in Kabarda and Chechnya, etc. Part of the kulaks, fearing repression, begins to leave the auls or hide outside the auls at night. There is an intensified buying of horses and saddles by fists and wealthy people in the bazaars, and those who buy up openly declare their intention to leave the villages.
In a number of villages, the anti‐Soviet element is taking real steps to organize insurgent and bandit cells associated with the Cossacks. The poor and middle peasants are recruited in separate cells.
ADYGEYA
Highlights in the political state of the region
With the general positive mood of the majority of the bulk of the village, an increasing activity of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements is observed. In some auls, however, elements of tension in the mood of the masses are beginning to appear in connection with the widespread rumors about uprisings coming up in the spring, etc.
Among part of the kulaks and the White Guards that have settled in the region, an increase in flight is observed, which in some places is taking on a mass character. On the other hand, a large influx of fugitive kulaks from other regions continues into Adygea. The kulaks, who arrived from outside, are mostly employed in the field works of Plavstroy.
The behavior of the Muslim clergy is characterized by massive denials of service in mosques. As a result, the believing part of the population resorts to the services of certain literate persons, mainly the poor, who perform religious rituals instead of mullahs in a number of mosques.
INGUSHETIA
Anti‐Soviet activity of the kulaks
The spread of rumors of uprisings is accompanied by intensified rebel agitation by the kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements of the aul. The flight of the kulaks is observed in the Russian regions. Part of the kulaks, fearing reprisals, goes into an illegal position, in places with entire families.
Ossetia
On the whole, the political situation in Ossetia is similar to that in Ingushetia. Kulaks are fleeing from a number of regions, heading mainly for Central Asia. Part of the kulaks are leaving for the mountainous regions of Ossetia bordering Georgia.
AZERBAIJAN
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 ‐ 2 performances; on the basis of collectivization and withdrawals of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ there were no.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 2 speeches, on the basis of collectivization, removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession ‐ 1.
1929 year
October
2 performances
November
‐
December
‐
[Total]
2
1930 year
January
‐
February
1 performance
March
1
[Total]
2
Terror
Total terror
1929 year
October
28
1930 g.
January
3
November
23
February
‐
December
thirteen
March
‐
[Total:]
64
[Total:]
3
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
23
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
1
injuries
6
injuries
‐
beatings
24
beatings
‐
assassination attempts
five
assassination attempts
‐
haves, terror
6
haves, terror
3
[Total:]
64
[Total:]
4
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfond filled as a percentage of the plan
‐ on collective farms 62.9
‐ in zemsoviets 300
Contracting 34.4
Seed cleaning 10.4
Exchange of ordinary seed grain for varietal 70.9
Seed treatment ‐
Repair of tractors 73.6
Political status in the Gandja region, Nagorno‐Karabakh and
Nakhichevan region
In connection with the measures being taken to seize the kulak‐antiSoviet element, the bandit groups operating in certain areas have switched to open hostilities. The mistakes made by local workers in the course of collectivization and dispossession of kulaks partially contributed to the success of the activities of the counter‐revolutionary element and bandit groups. The deactivation of the kulak‐bandit element created an extremely tense situation in the Gandzhi district,
Nagorno‐Karabakh, and Nakhkrai.
They went into an illegal position and are hiding with weapons in the hands of a group of kulaks, due to which the gangs operating in the indicated areas have significantly replenished.
Emigration sentiments
In a number of areas, especially the border zone, there is an increase in emigration sentiments among the kulaks. The kulaks and bandits fleeing the villages are moving towards the border with the aim of crossing into Persia.
For the period from November 5 to February 28 p. g., according to incomplete data: broke through the border with weapons ‐ 90 people detained while crossing the border ‐ 48 people killed ‐ 16 people
Total ‐ 154 people
At the same time, there is an increase in the activity and an increase in the raids of zakardon (Musavat and Ittihad) gangs on the territory of Azerbaijan. A number of raids were registered in the border zone of the Jebrail district. and the Nakhichevan region.
Number of counter‐revolutionary organizations, groups and bandits
(filed on January 1, 1930)
Registered:
Mussavatistov ‐ 42 cells, uniting 600 people
Ittihadists 60 people
Active bandits in 24 gangs 150 people
Reconciled bandits, accomplices and harbinger 750 people
Kulakov leading counter‐revolutionary groups of 350 people
Another counter‐revolutionary element (White Guards, Beks, etc.) 240 people
Total: 2150 people
On zakordonny banditry: Recorded on January 1, 1930, 17 gangs with a frame of 170 people.
The activities of the counter‐revolutionary parties in 1929
The activities of the Mussavatists and Ittihadists over the past year were aimed at restoring the network of their cells, destroyed in 1928, at strengthening the work among the main masses of the village ‐ organizing opposition to the measures carried out in the countryside; to subjugate existing gangs and new organizations to their influence in order to use banditry as new cadres for the ʺfutureʺ of the uprising. The work on banditry was carried out both by the internal organizations ʺMussavatʺ and ʺIttihadʺ, and by the overseas (Persian) centers. The first united banditry on the territory of Azerbaijan, the second planted and united gangs in the border zone. As a result of this activity, by the end of 1929, out of 24 gangs operating in the ASSR, 15 were associated with the Mussavatists and Ittihadists. Of the 17 overseas (border) gangs, 11 were under the influence of these organizations.
Preliminary results of the operation to seize the kulak‐bandit element
According to incomplete data, as of March 1 of this year. In Azerbaijan, 457 people were seized for all kinds of counter‐revolutionary activists and banditry, 39 people were killed during armed resistance.
As of March 5, this year. G., operation on A [zerb.] SSR is basically completed. The kulaks, the mussavatists, and ittihadists, who were slated for seizure, were seized. Small bands are partly destroyed, partly scattered.
At present, the operation ends with military operations against large, united gangs that have occupied remote points and are offering armed resistance.
GEORGIA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months of 1929 ‐ 5 speeches, of which on the basis of collectivization and withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element — 1 performance.
For 2 months 14 days in 1930 ‐ 41 performances, of which 37 performances were motivated by collectivization, the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks.
1929 year
October
did not have
November
December
5 performances
[Total]
five
1930 year
January
8 performances
with 1130 participants episodes)
(in
6
February
24 ‐ ʺ‐
6810 ‐ ʺ‐ (in 13th f.)
14 days of March
nine ‐ʺ‐
2200 ‐ ʺ‐ (in 4 words)
[Total]
41 ‐ ʺ‐
10,140 participants (in 23 words)
Affected areas and counties
The most serious protests in February and March took place: in the villages of Kesayu and Nazarle, a crowd armed with clubs and pitchforks declared their refusal to organize a collective farm; beat two activists, burned down the house and hay of a party member in front of the detachment, knocked out the windows in the house of the secretary of the Karayaz district committee, demanded that the secretary of the local party cell be handed over to the list of collective farmers; in with. Norno, a crowd of 810 people surrounded the building of the village council, drove out two party affiliates, disarmed and arrested local party members and Komsomol members, took the phone; in with. The Khashmi crowd broke into the village council and perpetrated a rout, cut the telephone wires, beat the chairman of the village council and a representative of the workersʹ brigade; in the villages of Sogarejo, Nino‐Iminda, Georgy‐Iminda and Akbulaz, a crowd of 500 people armed with clubs headed to the village. Pataradzeuli to help him.
The most affected by the mass demonstrations are a number of districts of the Akhapkalak, Tiflis environs. and Kakheti.
Of the 41 mass demonstrations recorded in 2 months and 14 days in 1930, 24 took place in the Tiflis environs.
Terror
(together with Abkhazia and Ajarnstan)
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
2
1930 g.
January
sixteen
November
8
February
33
December
ten
14 days of March
‐
[Total:]
20
[Total:]
49
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
6
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
8
injuries
‐
injuries
3
beatings
7
beatings
nine
assassination attempts
3
assassination attempts
five
haves, terror
4
haves, terror
24
[Total:]
20
[Total:]
49
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ 24 leaflets.
February ‐ 25 leaflets.
Of these: insurgent leaflets ‐ 4.
[against] collectivization ‐ 45.
Number of counterrevolutionary organizations and gangs
As of January 1, 1930, there were registered Menshevik cells: rural ‐ 33 with 229 people; urban ‐ 18 with a number of 248 people.
There are 41 * cells with a total of 477 people.
According to the data for the same number, 5 gangs with a frame of 23 people were registered.
* Error in counting; should be 51.
Activities of counter‐revolutionary parties in 1929
The activities of the Georgian Mensheviks, who were periodically infringed upon, were mainly limited to the gathering and organization of forces, in particular, to the preparation for the 5th illegal congress. The main indicators of the progress of preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan on collective farms ‐ 100;
‐ in zemsoviets ‐ 100 Contracting as a percentage of the plan ‐ 26.3 (as of February 20).
The political state of the areas affected by mass unrest
As a result of insufficient coverage and weak leadership of a significant number of newly organized collective farms, the lack of proper reinforcement work, shortcomings and abnormalities within the collective farms themselves, and mainly admitted gross excesses and bungling with an extremely increased activity of kulak anti‐Soviet elements in late February and early March, massive anti‐collective farm performances. An extremely tense state has developed in a number of areas of the Tiflis environs. and Kakheti.
In these areas, along with the disintegration of collective farms, there were massive anti‐collective farm actions accompanied by demands to liquidate collective farms, return socialized livestock, disruption of meetings, beatings, disarming and expelling local party members, Komsomol members, co‐activists, dispersal and attempts to disperse village councils and cooperatives.
By March 10, mass demonstrations in a number of places are acquiring a much more stubborn character and are being held under pronounced counter‐revolutionary slogans: 1) release all those arrested; 2) remove all party members and Komsomol members; 3) remove from work some of the local co‐workers; 4) allow free trade; 5) allow the delivery of goods from abroad; 6) reduce the cost of goods; 7) cancel insurance and government loans; 8) to return the deported and give the property to the dispossessed (in order to defuse the situation, from March 11, operational actions were launched to remove the counter‐revolutionary awakening element). Dukhobor activity
The Dukhobor sect actively opposes the ongoing collectivization measures, making extensive use of its influence on the female population.
In the center of the Dukhobor settlements of the Akhalkalaki u. in with. Goreloye, a number of excesses took place, accompanied by disruptions of meetings, beatings of local Soviet workers, demands for the removal of communists, Komsomol members and representatives of the authorities. There is a tendency to win over the ArmeniansCatholics and Muslims.
The attempt to seize the anti‐Soviet asset meets with strong opposition from the Dukhobors.
Emigration sentiments
In some bordering Turkic settlements, under the influence of the agitation of the Muslim clergy, there is a desire for resettlement to Turkey. From Akhaltsikhe district a number of Bek families emigrated to Turkey.
Among the Dukhobor population of the Akhalkalaki u. the mood to flee to America intensifies. The establishment of a written connection between the district and the Dukhobors living in Canada is observed.
425 families of Persian subjects arrived in Tiflis from the district with an application for visas to leave for Persia. The vast majority of those arriving are well‐to‐do and merchants.
ABKHAZIA
Mass performances
1929 No mass demonstrations were recorded.
1930 On the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 8 speeches.
1930 year
January
1 installed.
1‐150 participants
February
7 ‐ ʺ‐
4‐1300 participants
March
no information has been received
Total:
8 installed.
5‐1450 participants
Fight against collectivization
The lack of mass explanatory work and the widespread anti‐Soviet agitation of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements caused a negative attitude towards collective farm construction on the part of a significant part of the poor and middle peasants. On this basis, at general gatherings, speeches took place with a refusal to join collective farms.
A number of meetings devoted to questions of collective farm development are accompanied by excesses. In some places the peasants come to meetings armed, women with sticks and stones in their pockets, some of them have revolvers.
The increasing activity of women in anti‐collective farm performances deserves special attention. The facts of women walking in the surrounding villages with agitation about not joining collective farms and disrupting meetings dedicated to collective farm construction were noted.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the initiators of the anti‐Soviet and anti‐collective farm work of women are kulaks, merchants, former princes and the Muslim clergy.
Agitation against the collective farms is being waged by the families of the kulaks expelled from the Kuban.
In some places, anti‐collective farm sentiments have infected the Komsomol cells that do not take any part in the organization of collective farms (Gudauta u.)
Emigration sentiments
Among the Greek population in a number of areas, there is a strong desire to emigrate to Greece. Emigration sentiments are especially strong in the Andreevsky district, where the total number of those intending to go abroad with their families reaches 1300‐1400 people. Thirty delegates were sent to the Central Election Commission of Abkhazia, citing the following reasons for resettlement: ʺforcible involvement in collective farms, lack of essential goods and their issuance exclusively to collective farm members, lack of land.ʺ
In with. Andreevsky, a crowd of 150 Greeks came to the village council with a demand to certify the signatures on the collective statement to the consul on resettlement. Under pressure from the excited crowd, the chairman of the village council was forced to certify the signature.
Emigration sentiments were also noted among the Armenian part of the population.
AJARISTAN
Highlights during collectivization
The preparatory and mass explanatory work on collectivization has not yet been carried out to the proper extent. A significant part of the peasantry, as well as a number of local workers, did not understand the meaning of collectivization. There are cases when members of village councils and Komsomol members oppose the organization of collective farms. An illustration is the meeting of the agricultural sector in the Chahatskiy those.
At the meeting, the following statements took place: “We do not know what a collective is and we do not see any benefit from it. The whole harvest will go not to us, but to the government ... ʺ. During the vote for collectivization, two people raised their hands, the rest abstained.
There is a widespread opinion among some activists that it is currently impossible to collectivize the Adjarian village due to ʺcultural backwardnessʺ, ʺland shortageʺ, etc.
Noteworthy is the fact that peasants entered collective farms solely out of fear of being deprived of manufacture, kerosene and other goods and foodstuffs, under the influence of kulak agitation that cooperatives will serve only collective farms. The kulaks, in a bloc with Muslim spirituality, are actively fighting collective farm construction. Along with the spread of provocative rumors ʺabout the horrors of collective farm construction in the RSFSR,ʺ kulak anti‐Soviet elements use threats to activists if they participate in the organization of collective farms. In some places, anti‐collective farm agitation is accompanied by calls for an uprising ʺfollowing the example of the Khulinsʺ (Kobuleti u.)
In most cases, for their anti‐Soviet and anti‐collective farm agitation, mullahs use prayer meetings, and kulaks use village gatherings. The main arguments of anti‐collective farm agitation are “the impossibility of many people to live and work under one roof,” “the loss of religious beliefs in collective farms,” “socialization of women,” etc. difficulties in organizing new ones.
In connection with rumors of seizure in some regions of Georgia, kulakanti‐Soviet elements began to group around themselves individual poor and middle peasants, persuading the latter to ʺprotectʺ them in case of eviction (Kobuleti district).
ARMENIA
Mass performances
Digital data. For 2 months 14 days 1930 ‐ 33 performances, of which on the basis of collectivization, the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession of kulaks ‐ 20 performances.
1929 year
October
did not have
November
‐
December
‐
1930 year
January
2 performances
February
20
14 days of March
1
[Total]
23
Affected areas and counties
The most serious protests took place: in the Basargechar region (beating of the collectors during the collection of the seed fund, the inheritor, the disarming of the head of the district militia, opposition to the removal of the anti‐Soviet element, the prevention of representatives of the regional center in the village by armed posts posted on the outskirts of the village) of the Sevan okr .; in the Stepanovan region (beating up representatives of workersʹ brigades and agricultural activists, driving livestock home, setting up night patrols, disrupting collectivization meetings, demanding the elimination of the Latin alphabet and its replacement with the old, Turkic) Lori env.
The most affected by the mass demonstrations are the Sevan and Dori districts and all the Turkic regions of the republic.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
4
1930 g.
January
ten
November
7
February
eleven
December
2
March
‐
[Total:]
thirteen
[Total:]
21
Types of terrorist attacks
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
1
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
3
injuries
‐
injuries
1
beatings
‐
beatings
12
assassination attempts
‐
assassination attempts
1
haves, terror
12
haves, terror
4
[Total:]
thirteen
[Total:]
21
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January‐February ‐ 5 leaflets. Of these: insurgent leaflets ‐ 1 on collectivization ‐ 5 (as in the document)
Organized counter‐revolution
On January 1, 1930, 70 Dashnak cells were registered, uniting 538 people. The cells were united by six organizations and were led by three parallel workers of the Central Committee.
There is no information describing the work of internal organizations.
The main indicators of the progress of preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan
‐ on collective farms 68.4
‐ in zemsovtsy 34.0
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 7.2
Seed cleaning 18.8
Repair of tractors 59.5
The pace of preparation for the spring sowing campaign is extremely weak. There is no comprehensive explanatory work. For a number of regions, production plans were drawn up with a great delay. The preparatory work is also weak in the newly organized collective farms. Local authorities do not pay enough attention to the issue of creating a seed fund. In the Erivan env. many peasants, including kolkhozniks, sold their seed, hoping to get their seed money from the state. Grain cleaning is proceeding at a slow pace. The availability of agricultural implements in a number of areas is insufficient. Most of them require repairs, which are delayed due to missing parts.
Noteworthy is the lack of mass work during the cotton sowing campaign. In some places, the best plots are sown with winter wheat, and the worst are left for cotton sowing. The kulak‐wealthy elements are intensifying their agitation against the sowing of cotton, calling for the replacement of the latter with wheat and barley. Fear of sowing cotton especially occurs in a number of villages in the Kurdukuli region of the Erivan environs, where the population, due to the lack of wheat, feeds on corn.
Kinks and distortions during collectivization
In the activities of workersʹ brigades and the grassroots soviet, numerous facts of excesses and distortions of the class line, administration, command, arrests of poor and middle peasants by brigade brigades for refusing to join collective farms, cases of admitting kulaks to collective farms, etc. have been recorded. The most gross excesses and distortions took place in Sevan, Leninakan, Lori and Erivan districts.
Negative moments in the mood of the bulk
On the whole, the positive mood of the bulk of the countryside in a number of regions is disturbed by the weakness of mass work, excesses and vigorous activity of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet element. The emergence of negative sentiments is facilitated by the negligence of individual collective farm leaders, the presence of a number of shortcomings in the activities of the collective farms, as well as their contamination in places with a socially alien element. The demands of individual middle peasants to organize a “middle peasant” collective farm or a collective farm “without communists” (Duskand and Molla‐Geokchaisky districts of the Leninakan okrug) deserve attention. On the part of individual poor and middle peasants, mainly Turks, there were demands for the organization of ʺseparate national collective farmsʺ (Kamarlinsky, Vagharshapat districts of the Erivan environs). Facts of a negative attitude towards collectivization were recorded,
In with. Kazarbat Molla‐Geokchay district of Leninakan env. 18 Komsomol members handed over their Komsomol cards and refused to join the collective farm.
Emigration sentiments
Among the Turkic population of a number of districts, the desire to emigrate to Turkey is increasing. The greatest development of emigration and emigration sentiments received in the areas of continuous collectivization and the border strip. In some places, these sentiments, which take place mainly among the kulak‐prosperous elements, under the influence of the intensifying anti‐Soviet anticollective farm agitation, take on a mass character, including the middle‐poor strata. In addition to the mass filing of applications for permission to travel to Turkey, a number of cases of group border crossings have been registered. Emigration sentiments also take place among other national minorities of Armenia ‐ Aysors and Molokans. Among the Molokans, the leaders of the Molokan religious sects in the Lori region are campaigning for resettlement, campaigning for the organization of ʺreligious collective farms.ʺ A group of antiSoviet Aysors, along with resettlement agitation, is campaigning for the creation of a separate Aysor republic. A part of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements from the Armenians, mainly the Dashnaks, who hope from the repressions that could be ʺto find salvation abroadʺ, in Persia, are seized by the resettlement mood.
Political status in Vedibasar and Daralagyaz districts of Erivan env. The anti‐collective farm activity of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements created the tensest situation in the Turkic regions ‐ Vedibasar and Daralagyaz Erivan environs.
In the Vedibasar region, the total number of kulaks who went to the mountains with their families reached 250, of which 150 were armed. On March 6, a group of 35 Vedibasar men broke into Turkey.
In Daralagyaz region, the movement covered four villages. From s. Karaklu, disarming the communists, went to the mountains up to 40 people. In another village, policemen, etc. were fired upon and put to flight.
Political status in the Turkic villages of the Stepanovan region, Lori environs.
Among the Turkic population of the Stepanovan region, Lori env. a sharp increase in the activity of kulak‐anti‐Soviet elements was accompanied by a massive disintegration of collective farms. A number of anti‐Soviet demonstrations led by mullahs took place under religious slogans.
In the villages of Karaksa, Ilmazlo, under the influence of the Muslim clergy and the kulaks, all rural schools were closed, and Komsomol cells were disbanded. Many Komsomol members, being terrorized, left the KSM. Demands are being put forward to eliminate the Latin alphabet. In almost all villages, the population, under the influence of kulak‐mule elements, made a “sacred oath not to allow the arrest of a single Turk”, “to die, but not to be given into the hands of Soviet power”.
The reactionary elements also succeeded in taking under their influence the village councils, the actual leadership of which passed to them.
It should be noted that the organizers of the movement, in particular the murids, maintain contact with the Turks of the Borchali region (Georgia).
Activity of clergy and religious sects
The collectivization of the clergy is actively opposing. Religious sects, such as jumpers, Molokans, and others, which have developed active anti‐collective farm agitation, are especially strong. At all meetings of the sectarians the question of organized opposition to joining collective farms is raised. As a result, there are disruptions to meetings dedicated to collectivization (the village of Nikitin, the Lori region; the village of Pashkend, the Novo‐Bayazet region, and the Sevan region).
The Muslim clergy agitates against collective farms under the guise of
ʺbanning collective farms with Sharia.ʺ
DAGESTAN
Mass performances
Digital data. For 3 months 1929 on the basis of collectivization and the withdrawal of the anti‐Soviet element ‐ 1 speech.
For 2 months 14 days 1930 on the basis of collectivization and the removal of the anti‐Soviet element and dispossession ‐ 28.
1929 year
October
2 performances
1
300 [members]
November
‐ ‐ ʺ‐
‐
December
1
‐
[Total]
3 ‐ ʺ‐
1
300 participants
1930 year
January
3 performances
2
2230 participants
February
20
ten
2230 ‐ ʺ‐
14 days of March
7 ‐ ʺ‐
2
260 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total]
thirty ‐ʺ‐
fourteen
4790 * participants
* Counting error: correct 4720.
Affected counties and areas
In with. Gergebil Gunib env. the relatives of the seized anti‐Soviet elements gathered about 2,000 people on the square, among whom they began to agitate for the release of those arrested. In with. Zvigor Buinsky district, a crowd of women disrupted the meeting, beat the previllage council, smashed the liquidation center.
In with. Ashty Dokhodayevsky district ‐ demonstration in front of the RIK building, demanding to return the Semfond. In the village of Rutul, Rutul district, an armed crowd of 200 women dispersed the gathering, demanded that the mosque be released, broke down the doors of the detention facility and released the arrested mullah.
In the Buruntai aul of the Kazbek region, an anti‐collective farm demonstration in the regional center, the Guni aul, demanded the dissolution of party committees and the liquidation of collective farms.
In the aul of Kashkent of the Kasumkent region ‐ an anti‐collective farm demonstration, accompanied by the destruction of the liquidation center.
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
3
1930 g.
January
4
November
2
February
4
December
4
March
‐
[Total:]
nine
[Total:]
8
Types of terror
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
4
For months. 14 days
1930 g.
2
murders
‐
injuries
‐
injuries
‐
beatings
1
beatings
3
assassination attempts
3
assassination attempts
2
haves, terror
1
haves, terror
3
[Total]
nine
[Total]
8
Anti‐Soviet leaflets
1930 g.
January ‐ February ‐ 1 March ‐
The main indicators of the course of collectivization and preparatory work for the sowing campaign
(Digital information of the NKZ USSR as of March 1, 1930)
Sowing campaign:
Semfund filling as a percentage of the plan
‐ on collective farms 67.0
‐ in zemsovtsy 55.3
Contracting as a percentage of the plan 78.3
Seed cleaning 26.0
Exchange of an ordinary seed grain for a varietal 100
[Seed] dressing 0.04
Repair of tractors 17.1
Collectivization:
Percentage of collectivized farms 17.8
Percentage of socialization of livestock from livestock 18.1
The percentage of socialization of livestock to its availability on farms that have joined collective farms 92.3
Average number of farms per collective farm 79.5
The number of socialized arable land in the republic is 44.5 [thous. ha]
Negative points in the course of collectivization. Kinks, curvatures
Throughout February and early March, there was a significant weakening of mass work and organizational measures to consolidate the first results of collectivization. No work is being done with the poor and the former Red partisans in most areas. The grassroots Soviet apparatus practices the methods of administration in the process of collectivization, allowing for gross distortions and excesses. The kulaks, using these moments, are seeking in places a massive exit from the collective farms. In the Kasumkent and Kurakh regions, 90% of the newly organized collective farms collapsed due to the efforts of the kulaks. Noteworthy are the cases when, under pressure from the active kulak‐anti‐Soviet element, local workers make decisions to curtail collectivization and refrain from campaigning for collective farms (Kasumkent and Kurakh regions).
Relying mainly on the female masses of the population, the kulaks in many cases disrupt collectivization meetings. As of March 1, 24 cases of disruption of meetings were registered. As a result of disruptions to meetings, mass excesses occur almost everywhere, accompanied by beating of activists and workers of village councils, fleeing the arrived brigades from the villages, etc.
Excessive anti‐religious activities. Activity of Muslim Spirituality
Despite the categorical instructions of the regional organizations, numerous cases of distortions and excesses during anti‐religious events continue to be recorded in the field.
The selection of mosques continues in a number of regions. In the Akhtyn region, 7 mosques in 7 auls were again selected, which created a tense state in the region and increased the influence of local antiSoviet groups on the main strata of the aul. Believers are prohibited from visiting mosques in places by administrative measures (Kazbek district).
The Muslim Spiritualists, by developing intensified religious agitation, primarily among women, are seeking the restoration of mosques and madrassas. In some auls, health centers and Soviet schools are being dispersed and closed, and Arab schools are being opened instead.
Activation of the kulak‐counter‐revolutionary‐bandit element
Against the background of the December events in Chechnya, the kulak‐counterrevolutionary bandit element in the regions bordering on Chechnya (Khasav‐Yurt, Andean and Avar districts) turned sharply active and openly began campaigning for action to help the ʺinsurgent Chechensʺ. These areas were quickly covered with a dense network of counterrevolutionary groups from the kulak‐Mul stratum. At the same time, the counter‐revolutionary organization ʺUntsukuleʺ of the Avar okr. Was opened, which united a number of anti‐Soviet groups in the district, which, due to the weakness and contamination, and perversions in the work of the grassroots co‐apparatus, managed to gain influence on significant masses of the population of the region, in particular, on some of the former Red partisans. The actions of the organization and groups not associated with it were expressed in the intensified preparation of insurgent actions, in the accumulation of weapons, in spreading provocative rumors, in sharp agitation against collectivization and other Soviet measures in the countryside. As a result, the activities of local party and Soviet organizations were significantly paralyzed, and in general, a very tense situation was created in the whole of Central Dagestan.
By the measures taken along the lines of the OGPU Dagot Department, this situation has been somewhat relieved by the last time. However, the situation in Central Dagestan still cannot be called healthy. Operational measures are not sufficiently supported by mass work. Local organizations are extremely weak in the sense of a lack of workers. In the work of the local Soviet apparatus, numerous perversions are noted, connivance of the kulak, often direct assistance to him, along with oblivion and often with the suppression of the poor. The issues of supply of manufactured goods and foodstuffs are acute, the interruptions of which due to criminal negligence and inability to organize transport are chronic, causing massive discontent. The practice of closing mosques has a significant effect on the mood of the population. All these circumstances create fertile ground for new activities of the kulak‐anti‐Soviet element. The spread of provocative rumors about the preparation of a city‐wide uprising in the spring, after Uraza, and opposition to collectivization activities are growing. New counterrevolutionary groups are being revealed, organizing disorganizing aul (Gunibsky, Kurakhsky, Kakhibsky districts).
At the same time, the revival of banditry in the Plyartinsky region is noted: an Avar‐Georgian mixed gang appeared on the so‐called Bezhetsk farms, which carried out up to 50 robberies of local peasants returning from a waste industry. By the measures taken, the leader of the gang Mahmudov was captured. The privates fled to the territory of Georgia.
In southern Dagestan (Rutulsky district of the Samur district), there is a revival of ittihadist cadres.
UZBEKISTAN
Mass performances
1929 October‐December. No performances noted.
1930 year
January
Not marked
February
25 performances 12,750 participants
March
82 ‐ ʺ‐ 39590 ‐ʺ ‐
January March
107 ‐ ʺ‐ 52160 ‐ʺ ‐
The number of participants was set only in 91 cases
Affected counties
Andijan
‐ 36 performances
24370 participants
Bukhara
‐ sixteen
3400
Fergana
‐ 31
16840
Tashkent
‐ 12
4900
Samarkand
‐ 3
120
Zeravshansky
‐ 1
600
Surkhan‐Daryinsky
‐ 1
thirty
Kashka‐Darinsky
‐ five
950
Khorezm
‐ 2
950
Total
107
52160
Terror
1929 g.
October
10 terrorist attacks
November
fourteen ‐ʺ‐
December
ten ‐ʺ‐
1930 g.
January
12 ‐ʺ‐
February
23 ‐ ʺ‐
March
no information has been received
By type (for 3 months)
1929 g.
murders
20
injuries
7
beatings
3
assassination attempts
4
Total:
34
1930 g.
murders
17
January ‐
March 15th
injuries
2
beatings
nine
assassination attempts
five
haves, terror
2
Total:
35
Active gangs (as of March 11, 1930): gangs ‐ 7; ringleaders ‐ 9; bandits
Operational activities
(as of March 11, 1930, for Central Asia as a whole)
Liquidated:
Counter‐revolutionary organizations 2 arrested for them: 17
Counterrevolutionary groups 60 arrested on them: 345
Counterrevolutionary singles and bandits arrested 631
A total of 993 people were arrested.
650 people (Russians) who fled kulaks from other regions of the Union were arrested.
The main features of the counter‐revolutionary movement (in Central Asia as a whole)
1. The rapid growth of counter‐revolutionary Bai activity.
2. Significant obactivation of nationalist circles, the same Basmak elements.
3. Fierce opposition of all the listed layers to the activities carried out in the village and aul.
4. The use of numerous excesses and distortions in the process of collectivization to provoke mass anti‐collective farm actions and to turn them into a pronounced anti‐Soviet movement.
5. Elements of rebel agitation.
6. The large size of the emigration movement among the bays. The urge to emigrate among significant strata of the poor and middle peasants as a result and under the influence of Bai agitation. Herd stealing is a case of armed resistance when trying to detain emigrants.
7. The presence in the ranks of nationalist and counter‐revolutionary organizations of responsible co‐workers who are members of the Communist Party.
8. Tactics of counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups: a) strict secrecy; b) the desire to reach the influence of young people, including members of the KSM and KP; c) an attempt to establish contact with foreign countries; d) training and part‐time work of good‐for‐nothing former Basmachs as personnel in case of an uprising.
Typical of liquidated counter‐revolutionary organizations and groups
1. The most characteristic counter‐revolutionary organization is the liquidated Batyr Ganchilyar. According to the views of this organization, Uzbekistan does not need any socialism. The Soviet and the previous tsarist government did not sufficiently satisfy all the needs of the local population. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for the creation of an independent government, politically and economically independent. The present‐day red colonialism is not only no different from the tsarist colonialism, but even surpasses it. The organization intended to create a conspiratorial center in each city, empowering its members to recruit and create groups headed by them, so that the members of the group would not know about the existence of the center. The members of the organization were given nicknames, it was proposed to study the alphabet ʺDarakhtʺ for the purpose of conspiracy; by a member of the KP (b) Uz, being at the same time a member of this organization, it was proposed to commit terrorist acts against traitors and provocateurs from the organization; the Ferokrotdel agent of the OGPU, an active participant in the organization, was asked not to sever ties with the authorities for the purpose of disinformation. The main core of the group consisted of executives from the editorial office of the Yangi Fergana newspaper.
2. The most characteristic grouping is the liquidated group of bays and ishans in the Bagdat region of the Fergana region, which provoked several large mass protests against collectivization and at the same time threw out slogans about the restoration of bays and ishanism in voting rights. 30 people have already been arrested for this group.
Perversions and excesses in collectivization
Perversions and excesses during collectivization are becoming more and more widespread, spreading to almost all districts of Uzbekistan. Now it is already possible to state with certainty that massive distortions of the party line have taken place and are taking place in the Fergana, Andijan, Samarkand, Surkhan‐Darya and KashkaDarya districts.
Particularly sharp curvatures were revealed in the Samarkand and Kashka‐Darya districts.
Samarkand environs In the Mitansky district, representatives of the Livestock Union who arrived to organize the collective farm carried out explanatory work in Russian by sending announcements. The lists of pastoralists who have ʺjoinedʺ collective farms have been compiled without their knowledge. In the Zaamin district, at meetings on the organization of collective farms, workers ʺexplainedʺ: ʺbeing on a collective farm means having a common pot, a common cup and a common bed.ʺ
In the villages of Dzhaljusut, Zhurtaul, Kariev and Temlekent, the organization of collective farms was carried out by an administrative compulsory procedure: lists were drawn up in absentia and those recorded were declared collective farmers.
Kashka‐Darinsky env. In the Chirakchi region, in 6 village councils (Rursun, Baktesh, Tarjilga, Sufi, Tonbai and Chim) collectivization was carried out administratively, without taking into account the desire of the masses, by means of mechanical recording.
An analysis of the mass demonstrations that took place shows that anticollective farm disturbances among the population are the result of distortions in the party line in the field of collective farm development, and these distortions basically boil down to the following:
1) administrative pressure and compulsion;
2) an unhealthy game of collectivization by taking maximum rates without taking into account the situation of the real desires of the masses and the possibility of consolidating the results of collectivization;
3) the desire by all means to immediately organize the highest forms of associations, up to the commune.
KYRGIZSTAN
Mass performances
1929 year
October
2 performances
November
‐
December
‐
Total:
2
1930 year
January
‐
‐
February
1 setup
350 participants
14 days of March
thirteen‐ʺ‐
6220 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total:]
14 mouth
6570 participants
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
12
1930 g.
January
‐
November
4
February
3
December
1
March
‐
Total:
17
Total:
3
Types of terrorist attacks
For months.
1929 g.
3
murders
4
For months. 14 days
2
murders
1
injuries
1
injuries
‐
beatings
7
beatings
2
assassination attempts
five
1930 g.
assassination attempts
‐
haves, terror
‐
haves, terror
‐
Total:
17
Total:
3
TURKMENISTAN
Mass performances
1929 October, November, December ‐ no performances.
1930 g.
January
1 setup
‐
February
2 mouth
2
300 participants
14 days of March
1 setup
1
500 ‐ ʺ‐
[Total:]
4 mouth
3
800 participants
Terror
Total terrorist attacks
1929 g.
October
3
1930 g.
January
November
6
February
2
December
6
March
‐
Total:
fifteen
Total: