NOTES
[1] The obituary, "Frederick Engels," written by Lenin In the autumn of 1895, was published in
Rabotnik (The Worker ), No. 1-2, that appeared not earlier than March 1896.
   
The miscellany Rabotnik was published at irregular intervals outside of Russia by the League of Russian Social-Democrats in the years 1896-99 and it was edited by the Emancipation of Labour group. Its actual initiator was Lenin, who in 1895, while abroad, reached an agreement with G. V. Plekhanov and P. B Axelrod on the editing and publication of the miscellany by the group. On his return to Russia Lenin did much to secure fnancial support for the publication, and to ensure the receipt of articles and correspondence from Russia. Before his arrest in December 1895, Lenin prepared the "Frederick Engels" obituary and several items of correspondence, which he sent to the editors of
Rabotnik. Some of these appeared in Nos. 1-2 and 5-6 of the miscellany.
   
Altogether there were six issues of Rabotnik in three volumes, and ten numbers of
Listok "Rabotnika."
[p.15]
[2] Lenin's epigraph to the article "Frederick Engels" is taken from N. A. Nekrasov's poem "In Memory of Dobrolyubov."
[p.19]
[3] Frederick Engels,
Prefatory Note to "The Peasant War in Germany." Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1958, p. 652.
[p.21]
[4] The Deutsch-Französische Jahrbrücher (German-French Yearbooks
) appeared in Paris in the German language, edited by K. Marx and A. Ruge. Only the first issue, a double number, appeared in February 1844.
   
The magazine ceased publication chiefly because of differences of principle between Marx and Ruge, who was a bourgeois radical.
[p.24]
page 538
[5] Frederick Engels, "Umrisse zu einer Kritik der Nationalökonomie." Marx, Engels,
Werke, Band 1, Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1956, S. 499-524.
[p.24]
[6] The Communist League -- the first international organisation of the revolutionary proletariat. Preparatory to the foundation of the League Marx and Engels did much to weld together the socialists and the workers of all lands both ideologically and organisationally. In the early part of 1847, Marx and Engels joined the secret German society The League of the Just. At the beginning of June 1847, a League of the Just congress took place in London, at which it was renamed The Communist League while its former hazy slogan "All Men Are Brothers" was replaced by the militant internationalist slogan of "Working Men of All Countries, Unite!"
   
The aims of The Communist League were the overthrow of the bourgeoisie, the abolition of the old bourgeois society based on class antagonisms, and the establishment of a new society in which there would be neither classes nor private proporty. Marx and Engols took part in the work of the Second Congress of the League, which was held in London in November and December 1847, and on its instructions wrote the League's programme --
Manifesto of the Communist Party -- which was published in February 1848. The Communist League played a great historical role as a school of proletarian revolutionaries, as the embryo of the proletarian party and the predecessor of the International Working Men's Association (First International); it existed until November 1852. The history of the League is contained in the article by F. Engels "On the History of the Communist League" (Marx and Engels,
Selected Works, Vol. II, Moscow, 1958, pp. 338-57).
[p.24]
[7] Neue Rheinische Zeitung appeared in Cologne from June 1, 1848, until May 19, 1849. The managers of this newspaper were K. Marx and F. Engels, and the chief editor was Marx. As Lenin put it, the newspaper was "the best, the unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat"; it educated the masses, roused them to fight the counter-revolution and its influence was felt throughout Germany. From the first months of its existence, the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, because of its resolute and irreconcilable position, and of its militant internationalism, was persecuted by the feudal-monarchist and liberal-bourgeois press, and also by the government. The deportation of Marx by the Prussian Government, and the repressive measures against its other editors were the cause of the paper ceasing publication. About the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung see the article by Engels "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-1849)." Marx and Engels,
Selected Works, Vol. II, Moscow, 1958, pp. 328-37.
[p.24]
page 539
[8] Frederick Engels,
Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science
(Anti-Dühring ).
[p.25]
[9] The Russian edition of F. Engels'
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, a pamphlet consisting of three chapters from his
Anti-Dühring, appeared under this title in 1892. Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Vol. II, Moscow, 1958, pp. 116-55.
[p.25]
[10] Frederick Engels,
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. Marx and Engels,
Selected Works, Vol. II, Moscow, 1958, pp. 170-327.
[p.25]
[11] Frederick Engels,
Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Marx and Engels,
Selected Works, Vol. II, Moscow, 1958, pp. 358 -- 402.
[p.25]
[12] Frederick Engels' article "The Foreign Policy of Russian Tsarism" appeared in two issues of the
Sotsial-Demokrat (The Social-Democrat ).
   
Sotsial-Demokrat -- a literary and political review, published by tbe Emancipation of Labour group in London and Geneva in the years 1890-92. Four issues appeared. It played a big part in spreading Marxist ideas in Russia. G. V. Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod and V. I. Zasulich were the chief figures associated with its publication.
[p.25]
[13] Frederick Engels,
The Housing Question. Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, pp. 546-635.
[p.25]
[14] Lenin refers to Frederick Engels' article "On Social Relations in Russia," and the postscript to it, contained in the book
Frederick Engels on Russia, Geneva, 1894.
[p.25]
[15] Volume IV of "Capital" is the designation given by Lenin, in accordance with the view expressed by Engels, to Marx's
Theories of Surplus-Value written in the years 1862-63. In the
preface to Volume II of Capital Engels wrote: "After eliminating the numerous passages covered by Books II and III, I intend to publish the critical part of this manuscript as Book IV of
Capital" (Theories of Surplus-Value ) (Karl Marx, Capital,Vol. II, p. 2). Engels, however, did not succeed in preparing Volume IV for the press and it was first published in German, after being edited by Kautsky, in 1905 and 1910. In this edition the basic principles of the scientific publication of a text were violated and there were distortions of a number of the tenets of Marxism.
   
The Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the C.C. of the C.P.S.U. is
page 540
issuing a new (Russian) edition of Theories of Surplus-Value (Volume IV of
Capital ) in three parts, according to the manuscript of 1862-63 (Karl Marx,
Theories of Surplus-Value [Volume IV of Capital ]). Part I appeared in 1955 and Part II in 1957.
[p.25]
[16] The letter from F. Engels to I. F. Becker dated October 15, 1884.
[p.26]
[17] International Working Men's Association (First International) -- the first international organisation of the proletariat, founded by K. Marx in 1864 at an international workers' meeting convened in London by English and French workers. The foundation of the First International was the result of many years of persistent struggle waged by K. Marx and F. Engels to establish a revolutionary party of the working class. Lenin said that the First International "laid the foundation of an international organisation of the workers for the preparation of their revolutionary onslaught on capital," "laid the foundation for the proletarian, international struggle for socialism" (V. I. Lenin,
The Third International and Its Place in History. See present edition, Vol. 29).
   
The central, leading body of the First International was the General Council, of which Marx was a permanent member. In tbe course of the struggle against the petty-bourgeois influences and sectarian tendencies then prevalent in the working-class movement (narrow trade unionism in England, Proudhonism and anarchism in the Romance countries), Marx rallied around himself the most class-conscious of the General Council members (F. Lessner, E. Dupont, G. Jung, and others). The First International directed the economic and political struggle of the workers of different countries, and strengthened their international solidarity. A tremendous part was played by the First International in disseminating Marxism, in linking-up socialism with the working-class movement.
   
When the Paris Commune was defeated, the working class was faced with the problem of creating, in the different countries, mass parties based on the principles advanced by the First International. "As I view European conditions," wrote Marx in 1873, "it is quite useful to let the formal organisation of the International recede into the background for the time being" (Marx to F. A. Sorge. September 27, 1873). In 1876 the First International was officially disbanded at a conference in Philadelphia.
[p.26]
[18] Marx and Engels,
Manifesto of the Communist Party, and Karl Marx, General Rules of the International Working Men's Association. Marx and Engels,
Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, pp. 32 and 386.
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